Washington DC

Get the latest information on District of Columbia firearm law.

Quick Reference

Magazine Capacity Restrictions

Constitutional (Permitless) Carry Allowed

Red Flag Laws

Carry in Alcohol Establishments Allowed

Open Carry Allowed

No Weapons Signs Enforced by Law

Yes

NFA Weapons Allowed

Duty to Retreat

Duty to Inform Law Enforcement

"Universal" Background Checks Required

State Law Summary

Washington, D.C.'s firearm law history has been marked by significant legal battles and evolving regulations. In 1976, the District enacted a handgun ban, which was challenged in the landmark case District of Columbia v. Heller (2008). The Supreme Court ruled that the Second Amendment protects an individual's right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia, leading to the repeal of the handgun ban. Following this, the D.C. Council implemented new regulations, including mandatory registration and stringent storage requirements. In Wrenn v. District of Columbia (2017), a federal court found that the District's concealed carry law was unconstitutional, further shaping the legal landscape. These events reflect ongoing tensions between public safety concerns and individual rights within the context of D.C.'s unique legal framework.

Permit Eligibility, Training and Application Process

The history of concealed carry in the District of Columbia has been marked by significant legal developments and court rulings. In 1976, D.C. enacted a ban on the possession of handguns, which was upheld until the landmark Supreme Court case District of Columbia v. Heller in 2008, which ruled that the Second Amendment protects an individual's right to possess firearms. Following this decision, the D.C. Council passed legislation in 2011 that allowed for the issuance of concealed carry permits, but it imposed stringent requirements, including demonstrating a "good reason" for carrying a firearm. This law faced challenges, and in 2014, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ruled in Palmer v. District of Columbia that the complete ban on carrying a handgun in public was unconstitutional, leading to a more permissive approach to concealed carry. Subsequent amendments in 2015 refined the permitting process, while ongoing debates continue to shape the laws surrounding concealed carry in the district.

Authority to carry firearm in certain places and for certain purposes
Notwithstanding any other law, a person holding a valid registration for a firearm may carry the firearm:

  1. Within the registrant's home;
  2. While it is being used for lawful recreational purposes;
  3. While it is kept at the registrant's place of business; or
  4. While it is being transported for a lawful purpose as expressly authorized by District or federal statute and in accordance with the requirements of that statute.

D.C. Code § 22-4504.01

Carrying concealed weapons; possession of weapons during commission of crime of violence; penalty
(a) No person shall carry within the District of Columbia either openly or concealed on or about their person, a pistol, without a license issued pursuant to District of Columbia law, or any deadly or dangerous weapon. Whoever violates this section shall be punished as provided in § 22-4515, except that:

  1. A person who violates this section by carrying a pistol, without a license issued pursuant to District of Columbia law, or any deadly or dangerous weapon, in a place other than the person's dwelling place, place of business, or on other land possessed by the person, shall be fined not more than the amount set forth in § 22-3571.01 or imprisoned for not more than 5 years, or both; or
  2. If the violation of this section occurs after a person has been convicted in the District of Columbia of a violation of this section or of a felony, either in the District of Columbia or another jurisdiction, the person shall be fined not more than the amount set forth in § 22-3571.01 or imprisoned for not more than 10 years, or both.
    (a-1) Except as otherwise permitted by law, no person shall carry within the District of Columbia a rifle or shotgun. A person who violates this subsection shall be subject to the criminal penalties set forth in subsection (a)(1) and (2) of this section.

(b) No person shall within the District of Columbia possess a pistol, machine gun, shotgun, rifle, or any other firearm or imitation firearm while committing a crime of violence or dangerous crime as defined in § 22-4501. Upon conviction of a violation of this subsection, the person may be sentenced to imprisonment for a term not to exceed 15 years and shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a mandatory-minimum term of not less than 5 years and shall not be released on parole, or granted probation or suspension of sentence, prior to serving the mandatory-minimum sentence.

(c) In addition to any other penalty provided under this section, a person may be fined an amount not more than the amount set forth in § 22-3571.01.

D.C. Code § 22-4504 Seizure and forfeiture of conveyances used in firearms offenses: Section 2(b) of D.C. Law 11-273 provided for the forfeiture and seizure of any conveyance, including vehicles and vessels in which any person or persons transport, possess, or conceal any firearm as defined in §6-2302 [ § 7-2501.01 , 2001 Ed.], or in any manner use to facilitate a violation of §§ 22-3203 and 22-3204 [ §§ 22-4503 and 22-4504, 2001 Ed.].

Authority to carry firearm in certain places and for certain purposes
Notwithstanding any other law, a person holding a valid registration for a firearm may carry the firearm:

  1. Within the registrant's home;
  2. While it is being used for lawful recreational purposes;
  3. While it is kept at the registrant's place of business; or
  4. While it is being transported for a lawful purpose as expressly authorized by District or federal statute and in accordance with the requirements of that statute.

D.C. Code § 22-4504.01

Issue of a license to carry a pistol
(a) The Chief of the Metropolitan Police Department ("Chief") may, upon the application of a person having a bona fide residence or place of business within the District of Columbia, or of a person having a bona fide residence or place of business within the United States and a license to carry a pistol concealed upon his or her person issued by the lawful authorities of any State or subdivision of the United States, issue a license to such person to carry a pistol concealed upon his or her person within the District of Columbia for not more than 2 years from the date of issue, if it appears that the applicant has good reason to fear injury to his or her person or property or has any other proper reason for carrying a pistol, and that he or she is a suitable person to be so licensed.(b) A non-resident who lives in a state that does not require a license to carry a concealed pistol may apply to the Chief for a license to carry a pistol concealed upon his or her person within the District of Columbia for not more than 2 years from the date of issue; provided, that he or she meets the same reasons and requirements set forth in subsection (a) of this section.
(c) For any person issued a license pursuant to this section, or renewed pursuant to § 7-2509.03, the Chief may limit the geographic area, circumstances, or times of the day, week, month, or year in which the license is effective, and may subsequently limit, suspend, or revoke the license as provided under § 7-2509.05.
(d) The application for a license to carry shall be on a form prescribed by the Chief and shall bear the name, address, description, photograph, and signature of the licensee.
(e) Except as provided in § 7-2509.05(b), any person whose application has been denied or whose license has been limited or revoked may, within 15 days after the date of the notice of denial or notice of intent, appeal to the Office of Administrative Hearings pursuant to § 7-2509.08.

D.C. Code § 22-4506

Qualifications for registration; information required for registration
(a) No registration certificate shall be issued to any person (and in the case of a person between the ages of 18 and 21, to the person and the person's signatory parent or guardian) or organization unless the Chief determines that such person (or the president or chief executive in the case of an organization):

  1. Is 21 years of age or older; provided, that the Chief may issue to an applicant between the ages of 18 and 21 years old, and who is otherwise qualified, a registration certificate if the application is accompanied by a notarized statement of the applicant's parent or guardian:
    1. That the applicant has the permission of the applicant's parent or guardian to own and use the firearm to be registered; and
    2. The parent or guardian assumes civil liability for all damages resulting from the actions of such applicant in the use of the firearm to be registered; provided further, that such registration certificate shall expire on such person's 21st birthday;
  2. Has not been convicted of a weapons offense (but not an infraction or misdemeanor violation under § 7-2502.08, § 7-2507.02, § 7-2507.06, or § 7-2508.07 ) or a felony in this or any other jurisdiction (including a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year);
  3. Is not under indictment for a crime of violence or a weapons offense;
  4. Has not been convicted within 5 years prior to the application of any:
    1. Violation in any jurisdiction of any law restricting the use, possession, or sale of any narcotic or dangerous drug;
    2. A violation of D.C. Official Code § 22-404, regarding assaults and threats, or D.C. Official Code § 22-407, regarding threats to do bodily harm, or a violation of any similar provision of the law of another jurisdiction;
    3. Two or more violations of D.C. Official Code § 50-2201.05(b), or, in this or any other jurisdiction, any law restricting driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs;
    4. Intrafamily offense punishable as a misdemeanor, including any similar provision in the law of another jurisdiction;
    5. Misdemeanor violation pursuant to § 7-2507.02 or § 7-2507.06;
    6. Violation of § 22-3133; or
    7. Violation of an extreme risk protection order pursuant to § 7-2510.11;
  5. Within the 5-year period immediately preceding the application, has not been acquitted of any criminal charge by reason of insanity or has not been adjudicated a chronic alcoholic by any court; provided, that this paragraph shall not apply if such person shall present to the Chief, with the application, a medical certification indicating that the applicant has recovered from such insanity or alcoholic condition and is capable of safe and responsible possession of a firearm;
  6. Within the 5-year period immediately preceding the application, has not been:
    1. Voluntarily admitted to a mental health facility;
    2. Involuntarily committed to a mental health facility by the Superior Court of the District of Columbia, another court of competent jurisdiction, the Commission on Mental Health, or a similar commission in another jurisdiction;
    3. Determined by the Superior Court of the District of Columbia or another court of competent jurisdiction to be an incapacitated individual, as that term is defined in § 21-2011(11);
    4. Adjudicated as a mental defective, as that term is defined in 27 C.F.R. § 478.11; or
    5. Committed to a mental institution, as that term is defined in 27 C.F.R. § 478.11;
      1. Subparagraph (A) of this paragraph shall not apply if:
        1. For applicants disqualified as a result of a voluntary admission, commitment, incapacity determination, or adjudication that occurred in the District, the Superior Court of the District of Columbia has granted the applicant relief pursuant to subsection (f) of this section, unless the applicant, since the court granted the applicant relief pursuant to subsection (f) of this section, is again disqualified under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph; and
        2. For applicants disqualified as a result of a voluntary admission, commitment, incapacity determination, or adjudication that occurred in another jurisdiction, the court or commission of competent jurisdiction has granted the applicant relief, unless the applicant, since the court or commission granted the applicant relief, is again disqualified under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph.
  7. Within the 5 years immediately preceding the application, has not had a history of violent behavior.
  8. Does not appear to suffer from a physical defect which would tend to indicate that the applicant would not be able to possess and use a firearm safely and responsibly;
  9. Has not been adjudicated negligent in a firearm mishap causing death or serious injury to another human being;
  10. Is not otherwise ineligible to possess a firearm under § 22-4503;
  11. Has not failed to demonstrate satisfactorily, in accordance with a test prescribed by the Chief, a knowledge of the laws of the District of Columbia pertaining to firearms and, in particular, the requirements of this unit, the responsibilities regarding storage, and the requirements for transport; provided, that once this determination is made with respect to a given applicant for a particular firearm, it need not be made again for the same applicant with respect to a subsequent application for a firearm or for the renewal of a registration certificate pursuant to § 7-2502.07 a;
  12. Is not blind, as defined in D.C. Official Code § 7-1009(1);
    1. Has not been the respondent in an intrafamily proceeding in which a civil protection order was issued against the applicant pursuant to § 16-1005; provided, that an applicant who has been the subject of such an order shall be eligible for registration if the applicant has submitted to the Chief a certified court record establishing that the order has expired or has been rescinded for a period of 5 years or more; or
    2. Has not been the respondent in a proceeding in which a foreign protection order, as that term is defined in § 16-1041, was issued against the applicant; provided, that an applicant who has been the subject of such an order shall be eligible for registration if the applicant has submitted to the Chief a certified court record establishing that the order has expired or has been rescinded for a period of 5 years;
    1. Has completed a firearms training and safety class provided free of charge by the Chief; or
    2. Has submitted evidence of any of the following:
      1. That the applicant has received firearms training in the United States military;
      2. A license from another state for which firearms training is required, where the training, as determined by the Chief, is equal to or greater than that provided under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph; or
      3. That the applicant has otherwise completed a firearms training or safety course conducted by a firearms instructor that, as determined by the Chief, is equal to or greater than that conducted under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph;
  13. Has not been prohibited from possessing or registering a firearm pursuant to § 7-2502.08; and
  14. Is not the subject of an ex parte extreme risk protection order issued pursuant to section 1004 or a final extreme risk protection order issued pursuant to section 1003 or renewed pursuant to section 1006.

(b) Every person applying for a registration certificate shall provide on a form prescribed by the Chief:

  1. The full name or any other name by which the applicant is known;
  2. The present address and each home address where the applicant has resided during the 5-year period immediately preceding the application;
  3. The present business or occupation of the applicant and the address and phone number of the employer;
  4. The date and place of birth of the applicant;
  5. The sex of the applicant;
  6. Whether (and if so, the reasons) the District, the United States or the government of any state or subdivision of any state has denied or revoked the applicant's license, registration certificate, or permit pertaining to any firearm;
  7. A description of the applicant's role in any mishap involving a firearm, including the date, place, time, circumstances, and the names of the persons injured or killed;
  8. Repealed.
  9. The caliber, make, model, manufacturer's identification number, serial number, and any other identifying marks on the firearm;
  10. For a firearm that is not self-manufactured pursuant to § 7-2502.02, the name and address of the person or organization from whom the firearm was obtained, and in the case of a dealer, his dealer’s license number
  11. Where the firearm will generally be kept;
  12. Whether the applicant has applied for other registration certificates issued and outstanding;
  13. Such other information as the Chief determines is necessary to carry out the provisions of this unit.

(c) Every organization applying for a registration certificate shall:

  1. With respect to the president or chief executive of such organization, comply with the requirements of subsection (b) of this section; and
  2. Provide such other information as the Chief determines is necessary to carry out the provisions of this unit.

(d) Repealed.

(e) The Chief shall register no more than one pistol per registrant during any 30-day period; provided, that the Chief may permit a person first becoming a District resident to register more than one pistol if those pistols were lawfully owned in another jurisdiction for a period of 6 months prior to the date of the application.

(f)

  1. A person disqualified under subsection (a)(6)(A) of this section, or 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(4) as a result of a commitment or adjudication that occurred in the District, may petition the Superior Court for the District of Columbia for relief from disqualification.
  2. A petition filed pursuant to paragraph (1) of this subsection shall:
    1. Be in writing;
    2. State the reason the petitioner was disqualified;
    3. State facts in support of the petitioner's claim that the petitioner should no longer be disqualified;
    4. Include a statement, on a form approved by the court, signed by a licensed physician, psychiatrist, or qualified psychologist within the 30-day period immediately preceding the filing of the petition for relief, stating:
      1. The symptoms or behaviors for which the petitioner has been disqualified;
      2. The length of time that the petitioner has no longer experienced those symptoms or behaviors;
      3. The length of time that the petitioner has been compliant with any applicable treatment plans related to the reason the petitioner was disqualified; and
      4. That, in the physician, psychiatrist, or psychologist's opinion, the petitioner would not be likely to act in a manner dangerous to public safety if allowed to register a firearm;
    5. Be accompanied by any appropriate exhibits, affidavits, or supporting documents, including records of any guardianship, conservatorship, or commitment proceeding related to the petitioner's disqualification;
    6. Include 2 statements from individuals who are not related to the petitioner by blood, adoption, guardianship, marriage, domestic partnership, having a child in common, cohabitating, or maintaining a romantic, dating, or sexual relationship and have known the petitioner for at least 3 years. The individuals' statements shall:
      1. Be on a form approved by the court, and signed by the individual within the 30-day period immediately preceding the filing of the petition for relief;
      2. Describe the petitioner's reputation and character; and
      3. State that, in the individual's opinion, the petitioner would not be likely to act in a manner dangerous to public safety if allowed to register a firearm; and
    7. Be served upon the Office of the Attorney General.
      1. Upon receipt of a petition filed under paragraph (1) of this subsection, and for good cause shown, the court shall issue such orders as may be necessary to obtain any mental health records and other information relevant for the purposes of the petition. The order shall require the disclosure of records to the Office of the Attorney General so that the Office of the Attorney General can conduct a search of the petitioner's mental health records and report its findings to the court as required by subparagraph (B) of this paragraph.
      2. The court shall order the Office of the Attorney General to file a response to the petition. Within 60 days after the court's order for a response, the Office of the Attorney General shall file a response indicating whether the Office of the Attorney General supports or opposes the petition.
      3. The court may, for good cause shown, extend in 30-day increments the date by which the Office of Attorney General must file its response under subsubparagraph (ii) of this subparagraph.
    1. The Office of Attorney General shall:
      1. Conduct a reasonable search of all available records of the petitioner's mental health;
      2. Perform a national criminal history and firearms eligibility background check on the petitioner; and
      3. Include its findings under this subparagraph in its response to the court.
    2. The Metropolitan Police Department shall, upon request, provide to the Office of Attorney General any records related to the petitioner it has in its possession or could obtain after conducting a reasonable search.
    1. The court shall hold a hearing on a petition filed under paragraph (1) of this subsection within 60 days after the date on which the Office of Attorney General files its response.
    2. In determining whether to grant a petition filed pursuant to paragraph (1) of this subsection, the court shall consider all relevant evidence, including:
      1. The reason the petitioner was disqualified;
      2. The petitioner's mental health and criminal history records; and
      3. Evidence of the petitioner's reputation.
  3. The court shall grant a petition filed pursuant to paragraph (1) of this subsection if the petitioner establishes, by a preponderance of the evidence, that:
    1. The petitioner would not be likely to act in a manner dangerous to public safety; and
    2. Granting the relief would not be contrary to the public interest.
  4. If the court grants a petition for relief pursuant to paragraph (5) of this subsection, the court shall issue an order that:
    1. States the petitioner is no longer disqualified under subsection (a)(6)(A) of this section;
    2. Orders the Clerk of the Court to submit a copy of the order to the Metropolitan Police Department, the Office of the Attorney General, and any other relevant law enforcement, pretrial, corrections, or community supervision agency; and
    3. Requires that the petitioner's record be updated in the National Instant Criminal Background Check System and any other system used to determine firearm registration eligibility to reflect that the petitioner is no longer disqualified.
  5. If the court denies a petition for relief, the court shall state the reasons for its denial in writing.
  6. An order granting or denying a petition filed under paragraph (1) of this subsection shall be a final order for the purposes of appeal.

D.C. Code § 7-2502.03

Application Requirements
(a) A person who submits an application pursuant to § 22-4506 shall certify and demonstrate to the satisfaction of the Chief that he or she:

  1. Is at least 21 years of age;
  2. Meets all of the requirements for a person registering a firearm pursuant to this unit, and has obtained a registration certificate for the pistol that the person is applying to carry concealed;
    1. Does not currently suffer from a mental illness or condition that creates a substantial risk that he or she is a danger to himself or herself or others; or
    2. If he or she has suffered in the previous 5 years from a mental illness or condition that created a substantial risk that he or she was a danger to himself or herself or others, no longer suffers from a mental illness or condition that creates a substantial risk that he or she is a danger to himself or herself or others;
  3. Has completed a firearms training course or combination of courses, conducted by an instructor (or instructors) certified by the Chief, which includes at least 16 hours of training, and covers the following:
    1. Firearm safety;
    2. Firearm nomenclature;
    3. Basic principles of marksmanship;
    4. Care, cleaning, maintenance, loading, unloading, and storage of pistols;
    5. Situational awareness, conflict management, and use of deadly force;
    6. Selection of pistols and ammunition for defensive purposes; and
    7. All applicable District and federal firearms laws, including the requirements of this unit, Chapter 45 of Title 22 [§ 22-4501 et seq.], and District law pertaining to self-defense;
  4. Has completed at least 2 hours of range training, conducted by an instructor certified by the Chief, including shooting a qualification course of 50 rounds of ammunition from a maximum distance of 15 yards (45 feet); and
  5. Has complied with any procedures the Chief may establish by rule.

(b) An applicant shall satisfy the requirements of subsection (a)(4) and (a)(5) of this section with a certification from a firearms instructor that the applicant:

  1. Demonstrated satisfactory completion of the requirements of subsection (a)(4) and (a)(5) of this section; and
  2. Possesses the proper knowledge, skills, and attitude to carry a concealed pistol.

(c) An applicant may be exempt from some or all of the requirements of subsection (a)(4) and (a)(5) of this section if the applicant has submitted evidence that he or she has received firearms training in the United States military or has otherwise completed firearms training conducted by a firearms instructor that, as determined by the Chief, is equal to or greater than that required under subsection (a)(4) and (a)(5) of this section.

(d) An applicant for a license may satisfy any component of the requirements of subsection (a)(4) and (a)(5) of this section by demonstrating to the satisfaction of the Chief that the applicant has met that particular component as part of a successful application to carry a concealed pistol issued by the lawful authorities of any state or subdivision of the United States.

(e)

  1. An applicant shall sign an oath or affirmation attesting to the truth of all the information required by § 22-4506 and this section.
  2. Any declaration, certificate, verification, or statement made for purposes of an application for a license to carry a concealed pistol pursuant to this unit shall be made under penalty of perjury pursuant to § 22-2402.

(f) An applicant is required to appear for an in-person interview at the MPD headquarters for purposes including verification of the applicant's identity and verification of the information submitted as part of the application process for a license.

(g) Any person whose application has been denied may, within 15 days after the date of the notice of denial, appeal to the Office of Administrative Hearings pursuant to § 7-2509.08.

D.C. Code § 7-2509.02

24-2332.1

 

24-2345

Permitless Carry Law

The terms “constitutional carry” and “permitless carry” refer to states that have laws allowing individuals to carry a loaded firearm in public without requiring a license or permit.

 

Washington DC does not allow permitless-carry.

Reciprocity Agreements

Reciprocity refers to an agreement between states to recognize, or honor, a concealed firearm permit issued by another state.

When you are in another state, you are subject to that state’s laws. Even if a state recognizes your carry permit or allows for permitless carry, the state may have additional restrictions on certain types of firearms, magazines, or ammunition. Take time to learn the law!

Recognizes a District of Columbia Permit or does not require a license
Recognizes District of Columbia Resident Permit only
Does not recognize a District of Columbia Permit
Permitless Carry State

State Preemption Laws

State firearm preemption laws are statutes that prevent local governments from enacting or enforcing their own gun regulations that are more restrictive than state law. These laws ensure that firearm regulations remain consistent across the state, preventing a patchwork of different rules in various cities or counties.

The District of Columbia has no preemption law.

Purchase/Transfer Laws

When buying or selling a firearm, both federal and state laws must be followed. Under 18 U.S.C. § 922(a)(5), a private party may sell a firearm to a resident of the same state if two conditions are met: (1) the seller and buyer must be residents of the same state, and (2) the seller must not know or have reasonable cause to believe that the buyer is prohibited from receiving or possessing firearms under federal law, as outlined in 18 U.S.C. § 922(g).

Additionally, a private seller may loan or rent a firearm to a resident of any state for temporary lawful sporting use, provided they meet the same condition of not knowing or having reason to believe the borrower is prohibited under federal law.

In addition to federal law, state laws governing firearm sales must also be followed, as states may impose additional restrictions such as background checks, waiting periods, or bans on specific types of firearms.

Certain Sales of Pistols Prohibited

No person shall within the District of Columbia sell any pistol to a person who he or she has reasonable cause to believe is not of sound mind, or is forbidden by § 22-4503 to possess a pistol [now "firearm"], or, except when the relation of parent and child or guardian and ward exists, is under the age of 21 years.

D.C. Code § 22-4507

Transfer of Firearms Regulated

No seller shall within the District of Columbia deliver a firearm to the purchaser thereof until 10 days shall have elapsed from the date of the purchase thereof, except in the case of sales to marshals, sheriffs, prison or jail wardens or their deputies, policemen, or other duly appointed law enforcement officers, and, when delivered, said firearm shall be transported in accordance with § 22-4504.02. At the time of purchase, the purchaser shall sign in duplicate and deliver to the seller a statement containing his or her full name, address, occupation, date and place of birth, the date of purchase, the caliber, make, model, and manufacturer's number of the firearm and a statement that the purchaser is not forbidden by § 22-4503 to possess a firearm. The seller shall, within 6 hours after purchase, sign and attach his or her address and deliver one copy to such person or persons as the Chief of Police of the District of Columbia may designate, and shall retain the other copy for 6 years. No machine gun, sawed-off shotgun, or blackjack shall be sold to any person other than the persons designated in § 22-4514 as entitled to possess the same, and then only after permission to make such sale has been obtained from the Chief of Police of the District of Columbia. This section shall not apply to sales at wholesale to licensed dealers.

D.C. Code § 22-4508

Sale or Transfer of Weapons

2302.1

It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to sell, give, lend, rent, or otherwise transfer to any child under the age of eighteen (18) years any firearms, air rifle, air gun, air pistol, B-B gun, spring gun, blowgun, bowgun, or a similar type of gun; or ammunition, gunpowder, gun cap, cartridge primer, dynamite cap or detonator, B-B shot, pellet, projectile, dart, or other dangerous missile or explosive, in any quantity.

2302.2

Nothing in this section shall be construed as prohibiting the sale or other transfer of toy paper caps containing not more the twenty-five hundredths (.25) of a grain of explosive composition per cap.

2302.3

Nothing in this section shall be construed as prohibiting the transfer of any of the items listed in § 2302.1 where the transfer is supervised by a person eighteen (18) or more years of age in connection with the following:

  1. A theatrical performance or athletic contest;
  2. A licensed shooting gallery; or
  3. Transfer at other locations where the use of the item is authorized by the Chief of Police.

D.C. Mun. Regs. tit. 24, r. 24-2302

False Information Prohibited

No person shall, in purchasing a pistol or in applying for a license to carry the same, or in purchasing a machine gun, sawed-off shotgun, or blackjack within the District of Columbia, give false information or offer false evidence of his or her identity.

D.C. Code § 22-4511

Firearm Classification and Accessory Restrictions

Persons permitted to possess ammunition
(a) No person shall possess ammunition in the District of Columbia unless:

  1. He is a licensed dealer pursuant to subchapter IV of this unit;
  2. He is an officer, agent, or employee of the District of Columbia or the United States of America, on duty and acting within the scope of his duties when possessing such ammunition;
  3. He is the holder of a valid registration certificate for a firearm pursuant to subchapter II of this chapter; except, that no such person shall possess one or more restricted pistol bullets;
  4. He holds an ammunition collector's certificate on September 24, 1976; or
  5. He temporarily possesses ammunition while participating in a firearms training and safety class conducted by a firearms instructor.

(b) No person in the District shall knowingly possess, sell, or transfer any ammunition feeding device that is, in fact, a large capacity ammunition feeding device, regardless of whether the device is attached to a firearm.

(c) For the purposes of this section, the term "large capacity ammunition feeding device" means a magazine, belt, drum, feed strip, or similar device that has a capacity of, or that can be readily restored or converted to accept, more than 10 rounds of ammunition. The term "large capacity ammunition feeding device" shall not include an attached tubular device designed to accept, and capable of operating only with,.22 caliber rimfire ammunition.

D.C. Code § 7-2506.01

Possession of certain dangerous weapons prohibited; exceptions
(a) No person shall within the District of Columbia possess any item that is, in fact, a machine gun, sawed-off shotgun,bump stock, ghost gun, knuckles, or any instrument or weapon of the kind commonly known as a blackjack, slungshot, sand club, sandbag, switchblade knife, nor any instrument, attachment, or appliance for causing the firing of any firearm to be silent or intended to lessen or muffle the noise of the firing of any firearms; provided, however, that machine guns, or sawed-off shotgun, bump stock, ghost gun, knuckles, and blackjacks may be possessed by the members of the Army, Navy, Air Force, or Marine Corps of the United States, the National Guard, or Organized Reserves when on duty, the Post Office Department or its employees when on duty, marshals, sheriffs, prison or jail wardens, or their deputies, policemen, or other duly-appointed law enforcement officers, including any designated civilian employee of the Metropolitan Police Department, or officers or employees of the United States duly authorized to carry such weapons, banking institutions, public carriers who are engaged in the business of transporting mail, money, securities, or other valuables, wholesale dealers and retail dealers licensed under § 22-4510.

(b) No person shall within the District of Columbia possess, with intent to use unlawfully against another, an imitation pistol, or a dagger, dirk, razor, stiletto, or knife with a blade longer than 3 inches, or other dangerous weapon.

(c) Whoever violates this section shall be punished as provided in section 15 unless:

  1. The violation involves possession of a sawed-off shotgun, or ghost gun, in which case such person shall be fined no more than the amount set forth in section 101 of the Criminal Fine Proportionality Amendment Act of 2012, effective June 11, 2013 (D.C. Law 19-317; D.C. Official Code § 22-3571.01), or incarcerated for no more than 5 years, or both;
  2. The violation involves possession of a machine gun, in which case such person shall be fined no more than the amount set forth in section 101 of the Criminal Fine Proportionality Amendment Act of 2012, effective June 11, 2013 (D.C. Law 19-317; D.C. Official Code § 22-3571.01), or incarcerated for no more than 5 years, which shall be imposed consecutive to any other sentence of imprisonment, or both; or
  3. The violation occurs after such person has been convicted in the District of Columbia of a violation of this section, or of a felony, either in the District of Columbia or in another jurisdiction, in which case such person shall be fined no more than the amount set forth in section 101 of the Criminal Fine Proportionality Amendment Act of 2012, effective June 11, 2013 (D.C. Law 19-317; D.C. Official Code § 22-3571.01), or incarcerated for no more than 10 years, or both.

(d)[Repealed by 2024 Amendment.]

D.C. Code § 22-4514

Definition of self-defense sprays
For the purposes of §§ 7-2502.12 through 7-2502.14, the term:

"Self-defense spray" means a mixture of a lacrimator including chloroacetophenone, alphacloracetophenone, phenylchloromethylketone, orthochlorobenazalm-alononitrile or oleoresin capsicum.

D.C. Code § 7-2502.12

Possession of self-defense sprays
(a) Notwithstanding the provisions of § 7-2501.01(7)(C), a person may possess and use a self-defense spray in the exercise of reasonable force in defense of the person or the person's property only if it is propelled from an aerosol container, labeled with or accompanied by clearly written instructions as to its use, and dated to indicate its anticipated useful life.

(b) No person shall possess a self-defense spray which is of a type other than that specified in §§ 7-2502.12 to 7-2502.14.

D.C. Code § 7-2502.13

Possession of stun guns
(a) No person under 18 years of age shall possess a stun gun in the District; provided, that brief possession for self-defense in response to an immediate threat of harm shall not be a violation of this subsection.

(b) No person who possesses a stun gun shall use that weapon except in the exercise of reasonable force in defense of person or property.

(c) Unless permission specific to the individual and occasion is given, no person, except a law enforcement officer as defined in § 7-2509.01, shall possess a stun gun in the following locations:

  1. A building or office occupied by the District of Columbia, its agencies, or instrumentalities;
  2. A penal institution, secure juvenile residential facility, or halfway house;
  3. A building or portion thereof, occupied by a children's facility, preschool, or public or private elementary or secondary school; or
  4. Any building or grounds clearly posted by the owner or occupant to prohibit the carrying of a stun gun.

D.C. Code § 7-2502.15

Sale of stun guns
(a) In order to lawfully sell a stun gun in the District, a vendor shall obtain pursuant to § 47-2851.03(e) a stun gun endorsement on its basic business license from the Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs ("Department") on a form to be provided by the Department.

(b) This section shall not apply to a vendor who sells fewer than 5 stun guns in a 12- month period.

D.C. Code § 7-2502.16

Magazine Capacity Restrictions

Magazine capacity laws are designed to limit the number of rounds a firearm's magazine can hold, typically restricting it to a certain number of cartridges (e.g., 10 rounds or fewer). Some state laws restrict the amount of rounds that may be placed in a magazine at any given time, while others prevent the mere possession of unloaded magazines capable of accepting more than a certain number of rounds.

D.C. Law:
(a) No person shall possess ammunition in the District of Columbia unless:

  1. He is a licensed dealer pursuant to subchapter IV of this unit;
  2. He is an officer, agent, or employee of the District of Columbia or the United States of America, on duty and acting within the scope of his duties when possessing such ammunition;
  3. He is the holder of a valid registration certificate for a firearm pursuant to subchapter II of this chapter; except, that no such person shall possess one or more restricted pistol bullets;
  4. He holds an ammunition collector's certificate on September 24, 1976; or
  5. He temporarily possesses ammunition while participating in a firearms training and safety class conducted by a firearms instructor.
(b) No person in the District shall knowingly possess, sell, or transfer any ammunition feeding device that is, in fact, a large capacity ammunition feeding device, regardless of whether the device is attached to a firearm.
(c) For the purposes of this section, the term "large capacity ammunition feeding device" means a magazine, belt, drum, feed strip, or similar device that has a capacity of, or that can be readily restored or converted to accept, more than 10 rounds of ammunition. The term "large capacity ammunition feeding device" shall not include an attached tubular device designed to accept, and capable of operating only with,.22 caliber rimfire ammunition.

D.C. Official Code § 7-2506.01

Prohibited Areas - Where Firearms Are Prohibited Under State law

Carrying a firearm into a place where firearms are prohibited by state or federal law is a common way for gun owners to find themselves in legal trouble. These places are known as “prohibited areas,” and they can vary greatly from state to state.

Below you will find the list of the places where firearms are prohibited under this state’s laws. Keep in mind, in addition to these state prohibited areas, federal law adds additional places where firearms are prohibited. See the federal law section for a list of federal prohibited areas.

Places Where Firearms Are Prohibited Under Washington DC Law
Prohibition of firearms from public or private property
(a) The District of Columbia may prohibit or restrict the possession of firearms on its property and any property under its control.
(b) Private persons or entities owning property in the District of Columbia may prohibit or restrict the possession of firearms on their property; provided, that this subsection shall not apply to law enforcement personnel when lawfully authorized to enter onto private property.

D.C. Code § 22-4503.02

 

Prohibitions on carrying licensed pistols
(a) No person holding a license shall carry a pistol in the following locations or under the following circumstances:

  1. A building or office occupied by the District of Columbia, its agencies, or instrumentalities;
  2. The building and grounds, including any adjacent parking lot, of an childcare facility, preschool, public or private elementary or secondary school; or a public or private college or university;
  3. A hospital, or an office where medical or mental health services are the primary services provided;
  4. A penal institution, secure juvenile residential facility, or halfway house;
  5. A polling place while voting is occurring;
  6. A public transportation vehicle, including the Metrorail transit system and its stations;
  7. Any premises, or portion thereof, where alcohol is served, or sold and consumed on the premises, pursuant to a license issued under Title 25; provided, that this prohibition shall not apply to premises operating under a temporary license issued pursuant to § 25-115, a C/R, D/R, C/H, D/H or caterer license issued pursuant to § 25-113, or premises with small-sample tasting permits issued pursuant to § 25-118, unless otherwise prohibited pursuant to subsection (b)(3) of this section;
  8. A stadium or arena;
  9. A gathering or special event open to the public; provided, that no licensee shall be criminally prosecuted unless:
    1. The organizer or the District has provided notice prohibiting the carrying of pistols in advance of the gathering or special event and by posted signage at the gathering or special event; or
    2. The licensee has been ordered by a law enforcement officer to leave the area of the gathering or special event and the licensee has not complied with the order;
  10. The public memorials on the National Mall and along the Tidal Basin, and any area where firearms are prohibited under federal law or by a federal agency or entity, including U.S. Capitol buildings and grounds;
  11. The White House Complex and its grounds up to and including to the curb of the adjacent sidewalks touching the roadways of the area bounded by Constitution Avenue, N.W., 15th Street, N.W., H Street, N.W., and 17th Street, N.W.;
  12. The U.S. Naval Observatory and its fence line, including the area from the perimeter of its fence up to and including to the curb of the adjacent sidewalks touching the roadway of Observatory Circle, from Calvert Street, N.W., to Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., and around Observatory Circle to the far corner of Observatory Lane;
    1. When a dignitary or high-ranking official of the United States or a state, local, or foreign government is moving under the protection of the MPD, the U.S. Secret Service, the U.S. Capitol Police, or other law enforcement agency assisting or working in concert with MPD, within an area designated by the Chief, the Chief of the U.S. Secret Service, or the Chief of the U.S. Capitol Police, or a designee of any of the foregoing, that does not include any point at a distance greater than 1,000 feet from the moving dignitary or high-ranking official; provided, that no licensee shall be criminally prosecuted unless:
      1. The law enforcement agency provides notice of the designated area by the presence of signs, law enforcement vehicles or officers acting as a perimeter, or other means to make the designated area of protection obvious;
      2. The District or federal government has provided notice prohibiting the carrying of pistols along a designated route or in a designated area in advance of the event, if possible, and by posted signage along a route or in a designated area; or
      3. The licensee has been ordered by a law enforcement officer to leave the designated area and the licensee has not complied with the order.
    2. For the purposes of this paragraph, the term "moving" shall include any planned or unplanned stops, including temporary stops, in locations open to the public.
  13. When demonstration in a public place is occurring, within an area designated by the Chief or his or her designee, or other law enforcement agency, that does not include any point at a distance greater than 1,000 feet from the demonstration; provided, that no licensee shall be criminally prosecuted unless:
    1. The law enforcement agency provides notice of the designated area by the presence of signs, law enforcement vehicles or officers acting as a perimeter, or other means to make the designated area of the demonstration obvious;
    2. The District or federal government has provided notice prohibiting the carrying of pistols along or within a demonstration route or designated area in advance of the event, if possible, and by posted signage along a demonstration route or designated area; or
    3. The licensee has been ordered by a law enforcement officer to leave the designated area and the licensee has not complied with the order; or
  14. Any prohibited location or circumstance that the Chief determines by rule; provided, that for spontaneous circumstances, no criminal penalty shall apply unless the licensee has notice of the prohibition and has failed to comply.

(b) "Except to the extent of any inconsistency with IS U.S.C. §§ 926 B and 926C, the carrying of a concealed pistol:

  1. On private residential property shall be presumed to be prohibited unless otherwise authorized by the properly owner or person in control of the premises and communicated personally to the licensee in advance of entry onto the residential property;
  2. In a church, synagogue, mosque, or other place where people regularly assemble for religious worship shall be presumed to be prohibited unless the property is posted with conspicuous signage allowing the carrying of a concealed pistol, or the owner or authorized agent communicates allowance personally to the licensee in advance of entry onto the property; provided, that such places may not authorize the carrying of a concealed pistol where services are conducted in locations listed m subsection (a) of this section; and
  3. On private property that is not a residence shall be presumed to be permitted unless the property is posted with conspicuous signage prohibiting the carrying of a concealed pistol, or the owner or authorized agent communicates such prohibition personally to the licensee.

(c) Whenever a licensee carries a concealed pistol and approaches any prohibited location, or is subject to any prohibited circumstance, under subsection (a) or (b) of this section, the licensee shall:

  1. If the licensee is in a vehicle or if a vehicle is readily available, immediately secure the pistol in the manner prescribed in § 22-4504.02(b); or
  2. If the licensee does not have a vehicle available, immediately leave the prohibited location or circumstance.

(d) A licensee shall not be in violation of this section:

  1. While he or she is traveling along a public sidewalk that touches the perimeter of any of the premises where the carrying of a concealed pistol is prohibited under subsection (a) and subsection (b) of this section, except for the areas designated in subsection (a)(11) and (a)(12), or along a public street, roadway, or highway if the concealed pistol is carried on his or her person in accordance with this unit, or is being transported by the licensee in accordance with § 22-4504.02; or
  2. While driving a vehicle into and immediately parking at any location listed in subsection (a)(2) of this section for the purpose of picking up or dropping off a student or a child; provided, that the licensee shall secure the concealed pistol in accordance with § 22-4504.02(b), before leaving the parked vehicle.

(e) A licensee shall not carry a pistol openly or otherwise in a manner that is not concealed.

(f) In addition to any other penalty provided by law, any person who violates this section shall be subject to revocation of his or her license.

(g) For the purposes of this section, the term:

  1. "Demonstration" means one or more persons demonstrating, picketing, speechmaking, marching, holding a vigil, or engaging in any other similar conduct that involves the communication or expression of views or grievances and that has the effect, intent, or propensity to attract a crowd or onlookers. The term "demonstration" does not include the casual use of property by visitors or tourists that does not have the effect, intent, or propensity to attract a crowd or onlookers.
  2. "Public place" means a place to which the general public has access and a right to occupy for business, entertainment, or other lawful purpose. The term "public place" is not limited to a place devoted solely to the uses of the public, and includes:
    1. The front or immediate area or parking lot of a store, restaurant, tavern, shopping center, or other place of business;
    2. A public building, including its grounds and curtilage;
    3. A public parking lot;
    4. A public street, sidewalk, or right-of-way;
    5. A public park; and
    6. Other public grounds.
  3. "Public transportation vehicle" means any publicly owned or operated commercial vehicle, including any DC Circulator bus, DC Streetcar, MetroAccess vehicle, Metrobus, or Metrorail train.
  4. "Residence" means a building wholly or partly used or intended to be used for living and sleeping by human occupants, together with any fences, walls, sheds, garages, or other accessory buildings appurtenant to the building, and the area of land surrounding the building and actually or by legal construction forming one enclosure in which such a building is located, but does not include adjacent common areas or commercial property contained in any part of the building.

D.C. Code § 7-2509.07

Gun free zones; enhanced penalty
(a) All areas within, 1000 feet of an appropriately identified public or private day care center, elementary school, vocational school, secondary school, college, junior college, or university, or any public swimming pool, playground, video arcade, youth center, or public library, or in and around public housing as defined in section 3(1) of the United States Housing Act of 1937, approved August 22, 1974 (88 Stat. 654; 42 U.S.C. § 1437a(b) ), the development or administration of which is assisted by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, or in or around housing that is owned, operated, or financially assisted by the District of Columbia Housing Authority, or an event sponsored by any of the above entities shall be declared a gun free zone. For the purposes of this subsection, the term "appropriately identified" means that there is a sign that identifies the building or area as a gun free zone.

(b) Any person illegally carrying a gun within a gun free zone shall be punished by a fine up to twice that otherwise authorized to be imposed, by a term of imprisonment up to twice that otherwise authorized to be imposed, or both.

(c) The provisions of this section shall not apply to a person legally licensed to carry a firearm in the District of Columbia who lives or works within 1000 feet of a gun free zone or to members of the Army, Navy, Air Force, or Marine Corps of the United States; the National Guard or Organized Reserves when on duty; the Post Office Department or its employees when on duty; marshals, sheriffs, prison, or jail wardens, or their deputies; policemen or other duly-appointed law enforcement officers; officers or employees of the United States duly authorized to carry such weapons; banking institutions; public carriers who are engaged in the business of transporting mail, money, securities, or other valuables; and licensed wholesale or retail dealers.

D.C. Code § 22-4502.01

Methods of Carry - Open Carry Laws

Open carry and concealed carry refer to two distinct methods of carrying firearms in public. Open carry involves visibly carrying a firearm, typically in a holster, where it is easily seen by others. Concealed carry, on the other hand, involves carrying a firearm in a hidden manner, such as under clothing, so that it is not visible to others.

D.C. Law:

2344.1

A licensee shall carry any pistol in a manner that it is entirely hidden from view of the public when carried on or about a person, or when in a vehicle in such a way as it is entirely hidden from view of the public.

2344.2

A licensee shall carry any pistol in a holster on their person in a firmly secure manner that is reasonably designed to prevent loss, theft, or accidental discharge of the pistol.

D.C. Mun. Regs. tit. 24, r. 24-2344

No Weapons Signs

No weapons" signs are notices posted by businesses or private property owners indicating that firearms or other weapons are not allowed on the premises. The legal impact of these signs varies by state. In some states, these signs have the force of law, meaning that if a person carries a weapon onto the property in violation of the sign, they can face criminal penalties such as fines or arrest. In these states, ignoring a "no weapons" sign can result in legal consequences similar to trespassing.

In other states, however, these signs are merely a business's policy, and while a person carrying a weapon might be asked to leave, there are no legal penalties for entering with a weapon unless they refuse to leave when asked, at which point trespassing laws may apply.

D.C. Law:

2346.1

Signs stating that the carrying of firearms is prohibited on any private property shall be clearly and conspicuously posted at any entrance, open to the public, of a building, premises, or real property.

2346.2

A sign shall be considered conspicuous if it is at least eight (8) inches by ten (10) inches in size and contains writing in contrasting ink using not less than thirty-six (36) point type.

D.C. Mun. Regs. tit. 24, r. 24-2346

Controlled Substance/Alcohol Laws

Most, but not all, states have laws in place that regulate possessing firearms while intoxicated, and individual states will define "intoxicated" differently. In addition to state law, federal law also prohibits the possession of a firearm by any person who is “an unlawful user of or addicted to any controlled substance” as defined by the Controlled Substances Act (“CSA”). There are five different schedules of controlled substances regulated by the CSA, scheduled as I–V. The types of drugs that are regulated range from heroin as a Schedule I substance, to Robitussin AC as a Schedule V substance. Even a gun owner that is prescribed a scheduled drug by a physician can be in legal jeopardy if it is proven that the drug was taken in a frequency or manner other than was prescribed.

Although legal for medicinal or recreational use in many states, marijuana remains classified as a scheduled controlled substance under the federal Controlled Substances Act (CSA), codified as 21 U.S.C. § 812. On May 16, 2024, the U.S. Department of Justice published a proposed rule change that would reclassify marijuana from schedule I to a schedule III drug. It is anticipated this rescheduling will formally occur in 2024 or 2025. Unlike schedule I drugs, schedule III drugs may be lawfully prescribed by a licensed physician, and thus the possession of these prescribed drugs does not make the possession of a firearm inherently unlawful the way possession of a schedule I substance would. This means that the rescheduling of marijuana to a schedule III drug would finally allow for the lawful use, possession and purchase of firearms by prescription marijuana users. However, if it is determined that the marijuana is possessed without a prescription, is used in a manner that is not prescribed, or that the individual with the prescription is addicted to marijuana, possession of a firearm would still be a federal offense. Federal law states that a person is addicted to a controlled substance when they have “lost the power of self-control with reference to the use of controlled substance; and any person who is a current user of a controlled substance in a manner other than as prescribed by a licensed physician.”

27 C.F.R. § 478.11, 18 U.S.C. §922(g)(3)

Carrying a pistol while impaired
(a) A licensee shall not carry a pistol while he or she is consuming alcohol.(b) No person shall carry a pistol while impaired.
(c) Upon establishing reasonable suspicion that a licensee has been consuming drugs or alcohol, a licensee's failure to submit to one or more field sobriety, breathalyzer, or urine tests, administered to determine whether the licensee is impaired while carrying a pistol, shall be grounds for summary suspension of the license pursuant to § 7-2509.05(b).
(d) In addition to any other penalty provided by law, any person who violates this section shall be subject to revocation of his or her license.
(e) For the purposes of this section, the term "impaired" means a person has consumed alcohol or other drug or drugs and that it has affected the person's behavior in a way that can be perceived or noticed.

D.C. Code § 7-2509.06

Vehicle and Transport Laws

Permit reciprocity and other differences between state regulation of firearms can create a difficult landscape for firearm owners to navigate while transporting firearms interstate. In 1968, and again in 1986, Congress set out to help hunters, travelers, and other firearm owners who were getting arrested for merely transporting firearms through restrictive states. To help simplify the complex web of state firearm laws, Congress passed the 1986 Firearm Owners Protection Act (“FOPA”) as part of Senate Bill 2414. The specific “safe harbor” provision of the law, often referred to as the “McClure-Volkmer Rule,” provides some protection for gun owners transporting firearms through restrictive states, subject to strict requirements. This federal law is covered in more detail in the federal law section of this database.

Beyond federal law, the laws of each state will impose additional restrictions, or protections, related to transporting firearms in a vehicle.

DC Transportation of Firearms

a. A person may not transport a firearm unless the person:

  1. Is not otherwise prohibited by law from transporting, shipping, or receiving the firearm;
  2. Is transporting the firearm for a lawful purpose from a place where the person may lawfully possess and carry the firearm to another place where the person may lawfully possess and carry the firearm; and
  3. Transports the firearm in accordance with this section.

b.-

  1. If the transportation of the firearm is by a vehicle, the firearm shall be unloaded, and neither the firearm nor any ammunition being transported shall be readily accessible or directly accessible from the passenger compartment of the transporting vehicle.
  2. If the transporting vehicle does not have a compartment separate from the driver's compartment, the firearm or ammunition shall be contained in a locked container other than the glove compartment or console, and the firearm shall be unloaded.

c.If the transportation of the firearm is in a manner other than in a vehicle, the firearm shall be:

  1. Unloaded;
  2. Inside a locked container; and
  3. Separate from any ammunition.

d.The requirements of subsection (b) of this section shall not apply to a person who has a license to carry a pistol concealed upon their person pursuant to section 6 and who is transporting the firearm concealed upon their person.

e.The requirements of subsection (c) of this section shall not apply to a person who has a license to carry a pistol concealed upon their person pursuant to section 6 and who is transporting the firearm concealed upon their person.

f.Prosecutions for violations of this section shall be brought by the Attorney General for the District of Columbia in the name of the District of Columbia.

D.C. Code § 22-4504.02

Storage Requirements

Some states have laws that require gun owners to take specific measures to secure their firearms, especially in households with children. Many of these state laws mandate that guns be stored in locked containers or safes when not in use. These laws often impose penalties for failing to secure firearms, particularly if they are accessed by unauthorized individuals, such as minors.

Responsibilities regarding storage of firearms
(a) It shall be the policy of the District of Columbia that each registrant should keep any firearm in his or her possession unloaded and either disassembled or secured by a trigger lock, gun safe, locked box, or other secure device.
(b) No person shall store or keep any firearm on any premises under his control if he knows or reasonably should know that a minor is likely to gain access to the firearm without the permission of the parent or guardian of the minor unless such person:

  1. Keeps the firearm in a securely locked box, secured container, or in a location which a reasonable person would believe to be secure; or
  2. Carries the firearm on his person or within such close proximity that he can readily retrieve and use it as if he carried it on his person.

(c)

  1. A person who violates subsection (b) of this section is guilty of criminally negligent storage of a firearm and, except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, shall be fined not more than $1,000, imprisoned not more than 180 days, or both.
  2. A person who violates subsection (b) of this section and the minor causes injury or death to himself or another shall be fined not more than $5,000, imprisoned not more than 5 years, or both.
  3. The provisions of paragraphs (1) and (2) of this subsection shall not apply if the minor obtains the firearm as a result of an unlawful entry or burglary to any premises by any person.

(c-1) The provisions of § 7-2507.06 shall not apply to this section.

(d) For the purposes of this section, the term "minor" shall mean a person under the age of 18 years.

D.C. Code § 7-2507.02

Other Weapons Restrictions

Duties of registrants
(a) Each person or organization holding a registration certificate (for purposes of this section, "registrant") shall:

  1. Notify the Chief in writing of the loss, theft, or destruction of the registration certificate or of a registered firearm (including the circumstances, if known) immediately upon discovery of such loss, theft, or destruction;
  2. Notify the Chief in writing within 30 days of a change in the registrant's name or address as it appears on the registration certificate;
  3. Notify the Chief in writing of the sale, transfer, or other disposition of the firearm within 2 business days of such sale, transfer, or other disposition. The notification shall include:
    1. The identification of the registrant, the firearm, and the serial number of the registration certificate;
    2. The name, address, and date of birth of the person to whom the firearm has been sold or transferred; and
    3. Whether the firearm was sold or how it was otherwise transferred or disposed of.

(b) Each registrant shall return to the Chief the registration certificate for any firearm which is lost, stolen, destroyed, sold, or otherwise transferred or disposed of, at the time the registrant notifies the Chief of such loss, theft, destruction, sale, transfer, or other disposition.

(c) Each registrant shall have in the registrant's possession, whenever in possession of a firearm, the registration certificate, or exact photocopy thereof, for such firearm, and exhibit the same upon the demand of a member of the Metropolitan Police Department, or other law enforcement officer.

(d) The duties set forth in subsections (a) through (c) of this section are in addition to any other requirements imposed by this unit or other applicable law.

(e)

  1. A registrant shall be subject to a civil fine of $100 for the first violation or omission of the duties and requirements imposed by this section.
  2. A registrant shall be subject to a civil fine of $500 for the second violation or omission of the duties and requirements imposed by this section, a registrant's registration certificates shall be revoked, and the registrant shall be prohibited from possessing or registering any firearm for a period of 5 years.
  3. A registrant shall be subject to a civil fine of $1,000 for the third violation or omission of the duties and requirements imposed by this section, a registrant's registration certificates shall be revoked, and the registrant shall be prohibited from possessing or registering any firearm.
  4. For the purposes of this subsection, "a violation or omission" that applies to multiple firearms shall constitute a single violation or omission if the violation or omission pertaining to each firearm arose from the same occurrence.
  5. The penalties prescribed in § 7-2507.06 shall not apply to a violation or omission of the duties and requirements imposed by this section.

D.C. Code § 7-2502.08

Unlawful discarding of firearms and ammunition.
(a) It shall be unlawful for any person to knowingly discard, throw, or deposit any loaded or unloaded firearm or ammunition in a place other than the person's dwelling place, place of business, or on other land possessed by the person.

(b) Subsection (a) of this section shall not apply where a person:

  1. Throws, discards, or deposits any firearm or ammunition in a securely locked box or secured container;
  2. Is expressly directed by a law enforcement officer to throw, discard, or deposit any firearm or ammunition, and does so in the manner directed by the officer, and not while fleeing or attempting to elude any law enforcement officer;
  3. Throws, discards, or deposits any firearm or ammunition while participating in a lawful firearms training and safety class conducted by an arms instructor; or
  4. Who is a licensee, as that term is defined in section 901(5) of the Firearms Control Regulations Act of 1975, effective June 16, 2015 (D.C. Law 20-279, D.C. Official Code § 7-2509.01(5)), and is in compliance with the provisions of Title IX of the Firearms Control Regulations Act of 1975, effective June 16, 2015 (D.C. Law 20-279, D.C. Official Code § 7-2509.01et seq.).

(c) It shall be an affirmative defense, which shall be proven by a preponderance of the evidence, that the person threw, discarded, or deposited the firearm or ammunition while, in fact, voluntarily surrendering the item pursuant to section 705 of the Firearms Control Regulations Act of 1975, effective September 24, 1976 (D.C. Law 1-85, D.C. Official Code § 7-2507.05) or as expressly provided by District or federal law.

(d)

  1. Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, a person who violates this section shall be fined no more than the amount set forth in section 101 of the Criminal Fine Proportionality Amendment Act of 2012, effective June 11, 2013 (D.C. Law 19-317; D.C. Official Code § 22-3571.01), or incarcerated for no more than 5 years, or both.
  2. If the violation of this section occurs after a person has been convicted of a felony, either in the District of Columbia or another jurisdiction, the person shall be fined no more than the amount set forth in section 101 of the Criminal Fine Proportionality Amendment Act of 2012, effective June 11, 2013 (D.C. Law 19-317; D.C. Official Code § 22-3571.01), or incarcerated for no more than 10 years, or both.

D.C. Code § 22-4503.04

Rights and responsibilities of executors and administrators
(a) The executor or administrator of an estate containing a firearm shall notify the Chief of the death of the decedent within 30 days of his appointment or qualification, whichever is earlier.
(b) Until the lawful distribution of such firearm to an heir or legatee or the lawful sale, transfer, or disposition of the firearm by the estate, the executor or administrator of such estate shall be charged with the duties and obligations which would have been imposed by this unit upon the decedent, if the decedent were still alive; provided, that such executor or administrator shall not be liable to the criminal penalties of § 7-2507.06.

D.C. Code § 7-2503.01

Police Encounter Laws

Some states impose a legal duty upon permit holders that requires them to inform a police officer of the presence of a firearm whenever they have an official encounter, such as a traffic stop. These states are called “duty to inform” states. In these states you are required by law to immediately, and affirmatively, tell a police officer if you have a firearm in your possession.

In addition to “duty to inform states,” some states have “quasi duty to inform” laws. These laws generally require that a permit holder have his/her permit in their possession and surrender it upon the request of an officer. The specific requirements of these laws will vary from state to state.

The final category of states is classified as “no duty to inform” states. In these states there are no laws that require a gun owner to affirmatively inform an officer if they have a firearm. Additionally, there are also generally no laws that require you to respond or provide a permit if asked about the presence of a firearm.

Washington DC is a duty to inform jurisdiction, which means that you must immediately inform an officer of the presence of a concealed firearm when approached or addressed by and officer, and you must display your permit and identification upon request from the officer.

D.C. Law

c. A licensee shall have on or about his or her person each time the pistol is carried in the District:

  1. The license; and
  2. The registration certificate for the pistol being carried, issued pursuant to this unit.

d.If a law enforcement officer initiates an investigative stop of a licensee carrying a concealed pistol pursuant to § 22-4506, the licensee, and any other licensee carrying a concealed pistol pursuant to § 22-4506 who is with the stopped licensee at the time of the investigative stop, shall:

  1. Disclose to the officer that he or she is carrying a concealed pistol;
  2. Present the license and registration certificate;
  3. Identify the location of the concealed pistol; and
  4. Comply with all lawful orders and directions from the officer, including allowing a pat down of his or her person and permitting the law enforcement officer to take possession of the pistol for so long as is necessary for the safety of the officer or the public.

D.C. Code § 7-2509.04 (c) and (d)

Red Flag or Emergency Risk Orders

Emergency Risk Orders (or "Red Flag Laws") enable rapid legal action when someone is believed to be at significant risk of harming themselves or others with a firearm. Generally speaking, these controversial laws allow law enforcement to seek a court order to temporarily confiscate firearms from the individual and prevent them from purchasing new ones while the order is in effect. The most robust laws also permit family members and others to file petitions.

"Extreme risk protection order"
means an order issued, pursuant to this subchapter, by a judge of the Superior Court of the District of Columbia prohibiting a respondent from having possession or control of, purchasing, or receiving any firearm, ammunition, registration certificate, license to carry a concealed pistol, or dealer's license.

D.C. Code § 7-2510.01(1)

Petitions for extreme risk protection orders
(a) A petitioner may petition the Superior Court for the District of Columbia for a final extreme risk protection order. A petition filed under this section shall:

  1. Be in writing;
  2. State facts in support of the claim that the respondent poses a significant danger of causing bodily injury to self or others by having possession or control of, purchasing, or receiving any firearm or ammunition;
  3. To the best of the petitioner's knowledge, identify the number, types, and locations of any firearms or ammunition the petitioner believes to be in the respondent's possession, control, or ownership; and
  4. [Repealed by 2021 Amendment.]
  5. Be served on the Office of the Attorney General.

(b) A petitioner may file a petition under this section regardless of whether there is any other pending suit, complaint, petition, or other action between the parties.

(c)

  1. The Office of the Attorney General may:
    1. Intervene in the case and represent the interests of the District of Columbia; or
    2. At the request of the petitioner, provide individual legal representation to the petitioner in proceedings under this title.
  2. If the Office of the Attorney General intervenes in a case under paragraph (1)(A) of this subsection, the intervention shall continue until:
    1. The court denies the petition for a final extreme risk protection order pursuant to section 1003;
    2. The court terminates a final extreme risk protection order pursuant to section 1008; or
    3. The Office of the Attorney General withdraws from the intervention.

(d) The court may place any record or part of a proceeding related to the issuance, renewal, or termination of an extreme risk protection order under seal for good cause shown.

(e) When computing a time period specified in this title, or in an order issued under this title:

  1. Stated in days or a longer unit of time:
    1. Exclude the day of the event that triggers the time period;
    2. Count every day, including intermediate Saturdays, Sundays and legal holidays; and
    3. Include the last day of the time period, but if the last day of the time period specified falls on a Saturday, Sunday, a legal holiday, or a day on which weather or other conditions cause the court to be closed, the time period specified shall continue to run until the end of the next day that is not a Saturday, Sunday, legal holiday, or a day on which weather or other conditions cause the court to be closed.
  2. Stated in hours:
    1. Begin counting immediately on the occurrence of the event that triggers the time period;
    2. Count every hour, including hours during intermediate Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays; and
    3. If the time period would end on a Saturday, Sunday, legal holiday, or a day on which weather or other conditions cause the court to be closed, the time period shall continue to run until the same time on the next day that is not a Saturday, Sunday, legal holiday, or a day on which weather or other conditions cause the court to be closed.

D.C. Code § 7-2510.02

Surrender of firearms, ammunition, registration certificates, licenses to carry a concealed pistol, and dealer's licenses
(a) [Repealed by 2021 Amendment.]

(b) A Metropolitan Police Department officer serving an extreme risk protection order shall:

  1. Request that all firearms, ammunition, registration certificates, licenses to carry a concealed pistol, and dealer's licenses be immediately surrendered; and
  2. Take possession of all firearms, ammunition, registration certificates, licenses to carry a concealed pistol, and dealer's licenses in the respondent's possession, control, or ownership that are surrendered or discovered pursuant to a lawful search.

(c)

  1. At the time of surrender or removal, the Metropolitan Police Department officer taking possession of a firearm, ammunition, registration certificate, license to carry a concealed pistol, or dealer's license pursuant to an extreme risk protection order shall make a record identifying all firearms, ammunition, registration certificates, licenses to carry a concealed pistol, and dealer's licenses that have been surrendered or removed and provide a receipt to the respondent.
  2. Within 72 hours after serving an extreme risk protection order, the officer shall file a copy of the receipt provided to the respondent pursuant to paragraph (1) of this subsection with the court and the Chief of Police.

(d) If a person other than the respondent claims title to any firearm or ammunition surrendered or removed pursuant to this section, and he or she is determined by the Metropolitan Police Department to be the lawful owner of the firearm or ammunition, the firearm or ammunition shall be returned to him or her; provided, that the firearm or ammunition is removed from the respondent's possession or control, and the lawful owner agrees to store the firearm or ammunition in a manner such that the respondent does not have possession or control of the firearm or ammunition.

(e) The Metropolitan Police Department may charge the respondent a fee not to exceed the actual costs incurred by the Metropolitan Police Department for storing any firearms or ammunition surrendered or removed pursuant to this section for the duration of the extreme risk protection order, including a renewal of the extreme risk protection order, and up to 6 months after the date the order expires or is terminated.

(f)

  1. If a respondent peaceably surrenders any firearms or ammunition pursuant to this section, such surrender shall preclude the arrest and prosecution of the respondent for violating, with respect to the firearms or ammunition surrendered:
    1. Section 7-2506.01; and
    2. Sections 22-4503 and 22-4504(a) and (a-1).
    3. The surrender of any firearm or ammunition pursuant to this section shall not constitute a voluntary surrender for the purposes of § 7-2507.05.

D.C. Code § 7-2510.07

Use of Force in Defense of Person

The legal use of force, including deadly force, is regulated by state law. There are no federal laws that dictate when you can use force in self-defense in all states. As such, it is essential to become familiar with individual state laws.

D.C. Self-Defense Law:

You are entitled to claim self-defense:

  1. if you actually believe you are in imminent danger of bodily harm; and
  2. if you have reasonable grounds for that belief.

You may use the amount of force which, at the time of the incident, you actually and reasonably believe is necessary to protect yourself (or a third person) from imminent bodily harm. This may extend to the use of deadly force if you actually and reasonably believe you are in imminent danger of death or serious bodily harm from which you can save yourself only by using deadly force against your assailant.

Even if the other person is the aggressor and you are justified in using force in self-defense, you may not use any greater force than you actually and reasonably believe is necessary under the circumstances to prevent the harm you reasonably believe is intended or to save your life or avoid serious bodily harm.

DC Redbook Instructions

DC Self-Defense Jury Instruction

Every person has the right to use a reasonable amount of force in self-defense if (1) s/he actually believes s/he is in imminent danger of bodily harm and if (2) s/he has reasonable grounds for that belief. The question is not whether looking back on the incident you believe that the use of force was necessary. The question is whether [the defendant], under the circumstances as they appeared to him/her at the time of the incident, actually believed s/he was in imminent danger of bodily harm, and could reasonably hold that belief.

A person may use a reasonable amount of force in self-defense, including, in some circumstances, deadly force. “Deadly force” is force that is likely to cause death or serious bodily harm. A person may use deadly force in self-defense if s/he actually and reasonably believes at the time of the incident that s/he is in imminent danger of death or serious bodily harm from which s/he can save himself/herself only by using deadly force against his/her assailant.

Jury Instruction 9.500 & 9.501

AMOUNT OF FORCE PERMISSIBLE

NONDEADLY FORCE

A person may use a reasonable amount of force in self-defense. A person may use an amount of force which, at the time of the incident, s/he actually and reasonably believes is necessary to protect himself/herself from imminent bodily harm.

DEADLY FORCE

A person may use a reasonable amount of force in self-defense, including, in some circumstances, deadly force. “Deadly force” is force that is likely to cause death or serious bodily harm. A person may use deadly force in self-defense if s/he actually and reasonably believes at the time of the incident that s/he is in imminent danger of death or serious bodily harm from which s/he can save himself/herself only by using deadly force against his/her assailant.

EXCESSIVE FORCE (TO BE USED WITH EITHER DEADLY OR NONDEADLY FORCE)

Even if the other person is the aggressor and [name of defendant] is justified in using force in selfdefense, s/he may not use any greater force than s/he actually and reasonably believes to be necessary under the circumstances [to prevent the harm s/he reasonably believes is intended] [to save his/her life or avoid serious bodily harm]. In deciding whether [name of defendant] used excessive force in defending himself/herself, you may consider all the circumstances under which s/he acted. A person acting in the heat of passion caused by an assault does not necessarily lose his/her claim of self-defense by using greater force than would seem necessary to a calm mind. In the heat of passion, a person may actually and reasonably believe something that seems unreasonable to a calm mind.

Instruction 9.501 SELF-DEFENSE

AMOUNT OF FORCE PERMISSIBLE WHERE APPEARANCES ARE FALSE

NONDEADLY FORCE

If [name of defendant] actually and reasonably believes it is necessary to use force to prevent imminent bodily harm to himself/herself, s/he may use a reasonable amount of force even though afterwards it turns out that the appearances were false.

DEADLY FORCE

If [name of defendant] actually and reasonably believes that s/he is in imminent danger of death or serious bodily harm and that deadly force is necessary to repel such danger, s/he may use deadly force in self-defense. S/he may do so even though afterwards it turns out that the appearances were false because either [name of defendant] was not actually in imminent danger or deadly force was not necessary

Instruction 9.502 SELF-DEFENSE

 

Use of Force in Defense of Others

Defense of third party laws allow an individual to use force, including deadly force, to protect another person from harm. These laws generally permit intervention if the third party would have had the right to use force in their own self-defense under the same circumstances. The exact application of these laws will vary by jurisdiction, so it is important to understand the framework of each individual state.

[Insert state law if applicable]

OR

[State] does not have a law specific to the defense of others, but does allow for the defense of a third person in its defense-of-person law.

Use of Force in Defense of Habitation

The term "castle doctrine" comes from English common law providing that one's abode is a special area in which one enjoys certain protections and immunities, from which one is not obligated to retreat before defending oneself against attack, and in which one may do so without fear of prosecution.

Many states have instituted castle doctrine laws, with varying degrees of formality. Some states have statutorily enacted castle doctrine laws, some have judicially-created protections (called “common laws”), while others have no amplified protections in the home at all.

[Insert state law]

Use of Force in Defense of Property

Generally speaking, the use of deadly force is limited to circumstances that reasonably present an imminent threat of serious bodily injury or death of a human being. As such, using deadly force in defense of mere personal property is almost categorically prohibited. Although most states will allow the use of some amount of force (i.e. physically restraining someone until the police arrive), the use or threatened use of deadly force in defense of mere property is generally not permitted.

D.C. Law:

A person is justified in using reasonable force to protect his/her property from [theft] [or] [insert other misuse] when s/he reasonably believes that his/her property is in immediate danger of an unlawful taking or misuse and that the use of such force is necessary to avoid the danger. Similarly, if a person reasonably believes that someone has unlawfully taken his/her property, s/he may use reasonable, nondeadly force to repossess the property. But s/he must act immediately after the taking has occurred, or in hot pursuit of the person who has taken the property. If time has elapsed, a person may not use force in repossessing the property.

[Name of defendant] is not required to prove that s/he acted in defense of his/her property. If evidence of defense of property is present, the government must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that [name of defendant] did not act in defense of his/her property.

Instruction 9.520 DEFENSE OF PROPERTY

Self-Defense Immunity

To address the risk that those acting in lawful self-defense might be sued by their attacker, some states have implemented protective measures in the form of civil immunity statutes. These statutes serve to shield victims from certain civil lawsuits. If a state has a civil immunity statute in place, you generally enjoy protection from being sued by your attacker or attacker’s family as long as your use of force is deemed to be criminally justified. This legal framework provides a layer of protection for individuals who, in the course of defending themselves, might otherwise be subjected to additional legal challenges in the form of civil lawsuits.

D.C. law does not have any laws specifically related to self-defense immunity.

Duty to Retreat

A duty to retreat is an obligation to flee that is imposed upon a civilian who is under attack. If applicable, it applies to the victim of unlawful force prior to their ability to use deadly force to defend him or herself. The duty to retreat makes self-defense unavailable to those who use deadly force when they could have retreated from the confrontation safely. The alternative to duty-to-retreat laws is no-duty-to-retreat laws or stand-your-ground laws as they’re commonly called. Stand-your-ground states impose no duty to flee upon victims and instead state that one can stand their ground and meet force with force, under certain situations.

[Insert state law in shadowbox]

Self-Defense Limitations

WHERE DEFENDANT MIGHT HAVEBEEN THE AGGRESSOR

MERE WORDS NOT PROVOCATION

If you find that [name of defendant] [was the aggressor] [or] [provoked the conflict upon himself/herself], s/he cannot rely upon the right of self-defense to justify his/her use of force. [One who deliberately puts himself/herself in a position where s/he has reason to believe that his/her presence will provoke trouble cannot claim self-defense.] Mere words without more by [name of defendant], however, do not constitute [aggression] [or] [provocation].

NONDEADLY FORCE WHERE DEFENDANT WITHDRAWS

If you find that [name of defendant] [was the aggressor] [or] [provoked the assault upon himself/herself], s/he cannot rely upon the right of self-defense to justify the use of force. However, if one who [is the aggressor] [or] [provokes a conflict] later withdraws from it in good faith, and communicates that withdrawal by words or actions, s/he may use reasonable force to save himself/herself from imminent bodily harm.

DEADLY FORCE WHERE DEFENDANT WITHDRAWS

If you find that [name of defendant] [was the aggressor] [or] [provoked the assault upon himself/herself], s/he cannot invoke the right of self-defense to justify his/her use of force. However, if one who [is the aggressor] [or] [provokes a conflict] later withdraws from it in good faith, and communicates that withdrawal by words or actions, s/he may use deadly force to save himself/herself from imminent danger of death or serious bodily harm.

Instruction 9.504 SELF-DEFENSE

Use of Force Considerations

Unlawful discharge of a firearm
(a)Except as otherwise permitted by law, including legitimate self-defense, no firearm shall be discharged or set off in the District of Columbia without a special written permit from the Chief of Police issued pursuant to Section 1 of Article 9 of the Police Regulations of the District of Columbia, effective September 29, 1964 (C.O. 64-1397F; 24 DCMR § 2300.1) [CDCR 24-2300.1].
(b) A person who violates this section shall upon conviction be fined no more than the amount set forth in section 101 of the Criminal Fine Proportionality Amendment Act of 2012, effective June 11, 2013 (D.C. Law 19-317; D.C. Official Code § 22-3571.01), or incarcerated for no more than 2 years, or both.

D.C. Code § 22-4503.01

Endangerment with a firearm
(a) A person commits endangerment with a firearm when the person:
(1) Knowingly discharges a projectile from a firearm outside a licensed firing range; and
(2) Either:
(A) The person knows that the discharged projectile creates a substantial risk of death or bodily injury to another person; or
(B) In fact:
(i) The person is in, or the discharged projectile travels through or stops in, a location that is:
(I) Open to the general public at the time of the offense;
(II) A communal area of multi-unit housing; or
(III) Inside a public conveyance or a rail station; and
(ii) The person does not have permission to discharge a projectile from a firearm under:
(I) A written permit issued by the Metropolitan Police Department; or
(II) Other District or federal law.
(b) Except as provided in subsection (c) of this section, whoever violates this section shall upon conviction be fined no more than the amount set forth in section 101 of the Criminal Fine Proportionality Amendment Act of 2012, effective June 11, 2013 (D.C. Law 19-317; D.C. Official Code § 22-3571.01), or incarcerated for no more than 5 years, or both.
(c) Whoever violates this section shall upon conviction be fined no more than the amount set forth in section 101 of the Criminal Fine Proportionality Amendment Act of 2012, effective June 11, 2013 (D.C. Law 19-317; D.C. Official Code § 22-3571.01), or incarcerated for no more than 10 years, or both, if:
(1) The violation of this section occurs after a person has been convicted of a felony, either in the District of Columbia or another jurisdiction; or
(2) Five or more projectiles are discharged from a firearm within a single course of conduct.
(d) When arising from the same act or course of conduct, a conviction for an offense under this section shall merge with a conviction:
(1) Under section 3a; or
(2) For another offense outside of this act that has, as an element in the offense definition or in the applicable penalty enhancement, possessing or having readily available a firearm, imitation firearm, or dangerous weapon.
(e) No mental state shall be required as to any element under subsection (a)(2)(B) of this section.
(f) It shall be a defense to liability under this section that the person discharged a firearm under circumstances constituting lawful self-defense or defense of others.

D.C. Code § 22-4503.03

Use of Force Against Animals

District of Columbia law is silent on using force or deadly force in self-defense or defense of others against an attacking dog or other domesticated and dangerous animal.

However...

The law provides a defense to a charge of animal cruelty if you defend yourself or another against undomesticated and dangerous animals, such as rats, bats, or snakes, and you have a reasonable apprehension of an imminent attack by the animal against you or another person.

D.C. Code § 22-1001 (d)

Special Notes

Definitions as used in this unit:
(1) "Acts of Congress" means:
(A) Chapter 45 of Title 22;
(B) Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, as amended (title VII, Unlawful Possession or Receipt of Firearms (82 Stat. 1236; 18 U.S.C. Appendix)); and
(C) An Act to Amend Title 18, United States Code, To Provide for Better Control of the Interstate Traffic in Firearms Act of 1968 (82 Stat. 1213; 18 U.S.C. § 921 et seq.).
(2) "Ammunition" means cartridge cases, shells, projectiles (including shot), primers, bullets (including restricted pistol bullets), propellant powder, or other devices or materials designed, redesigned, or intended for use in a firearm or destructive device.
(3) "Antique firearm" means:
(A) Any firearm (including any firearm with a matchlock, flintlock, percussion cap, or similar type of ignition system) manufactured in or before 1898; and
(B) Any replica of any firearm described in subparagraph (A) if such replica:
(i) Is not designed or redesigned for using rim-fire or conventional center-fire fixed ammunition; or
(ii) Uses rim-fire or conventional ammunition which is no longer manufactured in the United States and which is not readily available in the ordinary channels of commercial trade.
(3A)
(A) "Assault weapon" means:
(i) The following semiautomatic firearms:
(I) All of the following specified rifles:
(aa) All AK series including, but not limited to, the models identified as follows:
(1) Made in China AK, AKM, AKS, AK47, AK47S, 56, 56S, 84S, and 86S;
(2) Norinco (all models);
(3) Poly Technologies (all models);
(4) MAADI AK47 and ARM; and
(5) Mitchell (all models).
(bb) UZI and Galil;
(cc) Beretta AR-70;
(dd) CETME Sporter;
(ee) Colt AR-15 series;
(ff) Daewoo K-1, K-2, Max 1, Max 2, AR 100, and AR110 C;
(gg) Fabrique Nationale FAL, LAR, FNC, 308 Match, and Sporter;
(hh) MAS 223.
(ii) HK-91, HK-93, HK-94, and HK-PSG-1;
(jj) The following MAC types:
(1) RPB Industries Inc. sM10 and sM11; and
(2) SWD Incorporated M11;
(kk) SKS with detachable magazine;
(ll) SIG AMT, PE-57, SG 550, and SG 551;
(mm) Springfield Armory BM59 and SAR-48;
(nn) Sterling MK-6;
(oo) Steyer AUG, Steyr AUG;
(pp) Valmet M62S, M71S, and M78S;
(qq) Armalite AR-180;
(rr) Bushmaster Assault Rifle;
(ss) Calico -900;
(tt) J& R ENG -68; and
(uu) Weaver Arms Nighthawk.
(II) All of the following specified pistols:
(aa) UZI;
(bb) Encom MP-9 and MP-45;
(cc) The following MAC types:
(1) RPB Industries Inc. sM10 and sM11;
(2) SWD Incorporated -11;
(3) Advance Armament Inc. -11; and
(4) Military Armament Corp. Ingram M-11;
(dd) Intratec TEC-9 and TEC-DC9;
(ee) Sites Spectre;
(ff) Sterling MK-7;
(gg) Calico M-950; and
(hh) Bushmaster Pistol.
(III) All of the following specified shotguns:
(aa) Franchi SPAS 12 and LAW 12; and
(bb) Striker 12. The Streetsweeper type S/S Inc. SS/12;
(IV) A semiautomatic, rifle that has the capacity to accept a detachable magazine and any one of the following:
(aa) A pistol grip that protrudes conspicuously beneath the action of the weapon;
(bb) A thumbhole stock;
(cc) A folding or telescoping stock;
(dd) A grenade launcher or flare launcher;
(ee) A flash suppressor; or
(ff) A forward pistol grip;
(V) A semiautomatic pistol that has the capacity to accept a detachable magazine and any one of the following:
(aa) A threaded barrel, capable of accepting a flash suppressor, forward handgrip, or silencer;
(bb) A second handgrip;
(cc) A shroud that is attached to, or partially or completely encircles, the barrel that allows the bearer to fire the weapon without burning his or her hand, except a slide that encloses the barrel; or
(dd) The capacity to accept a detachable magazine at some location outside of the pistol grip;
(VI) A semiautomatic shotgun that has one or more of the following:
(aa) A folding or telescoping stock;
(bb) A pistol grip that protrudes conspicuously beneath the action of the weapon;
(cc) A thumbhole stock; or
(dd) A vertical handgrip; and
(VII) A semiautomatic shotgun that has the ability to accept a detachable magazine; and
(VIII) All other models within a series that are variations, with minor differences, of those models listed in subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, regardless of the manufacturer;
(ii) Any shotgun with a revolving cylinder; provided, that this sub-subparagraph shall not apply to a weapon with an attached tubular device designed to accept, and capable of operating only with, .22 caliber rimfire ammunition; and
(iii) Any firearm that the Chief may designate as an assault weapon by rule, based on a determination that the firearm would reasonably pose the same or similar danger to the health, safety, and security of the residents of the District as those weapons enumerated in this paragraph.
(B) The term "assault weapon" shall not include:
(i) Any antique firearm; or
(ii) Any of the following pistols, which are designed expressly for use in Olympic target shooting events, sanctioned by the International Olympic Committee and by USA Shooting, the national governing body for international shooting competition in the United States, and used for Olympic target shooting purposes:
MANUFACTURER MODEL CALIBER
BENELLI MP90 .22LR
BENELLI MP90 .32 S&W
LONG
BENELLI MP95 .22LR
BENELLI MP95 .32 S&W
LONG
HAMMERLI 280 .22LR
HAMMERLI 280 .32 S&W
LONG
HAMMERLI SP20 .22LR
HAMMERLI SP20 .32 S&W
LONG
PARDINI GPO .22
SHORT
PARDINI GP-SCHUMANN .22
SHORT
PARDINI HP .32 S&W
LONG
PARDINI MP .32 S&W
LONG
PARDINI SP .22LR
PARDINI SPE .22LR
WALTHER GSP .22LR
WALTHER GSP .32 S&W
LONG
WALTHER OSP .22
SHORT
WALTHER OSP-2000 .22
SHORT
(C) The Chief may exempt, by rule, new models of competitive pistols that would otherwise fall within the definition of "assault weapon" pursuant to this section from being classified as an assault weapon. The exemption of competitive pistols shall be based either on recommendations by USA Shooting consistent with the regulations contained in the USA Shooting Official Rules or on the recommendation or rules of any other organization that the Chief considers relevant.
(4) "Chief" means the Chief of Police of the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia or his designated agent.
(5) "Crime of violence" shall have the same meaning as provided in D.C. Official Code § 23-1331(4).
(6) "Dealer's license" means a license to buy or sell, repair, trade, or otherwise deal in firearms, destructive devices, or ammunition as provided for in subchapter IV of this unit.
(7) "Destructive device" means:
(A) An explosive, incendiary, or poison gas bomb, grenade, rocket, missile, mine, or similar device;
(B) Any device by whatever name known which will, or is designed or redesigned, or may be readily converted or restored to expel a projectile by the action of an explosive or other propellant through a smooth bore barrel, except a shotgun;
(C) Any device containing tear gas or a chemically similar lacrimator or sternutator by whatever name known;
(D) Repealed.
(E) Any combination of parts designed or intended for use in converting any device into any destructive device; or from which a destructive device may be readily assembled; provided, that the term shall not include:
(i) Any pneumatic, spring, or B-B gun which expels a single projectile not exceeding .18 inch in diameter;
(ii) Any device which is neither designed nor redesigned for use as a weapon;
(iii) Any device originally a weapon which has been redesigned for use as a signaling, line throwing, or safety device; or
(iv) Any device which the Chief finds is not likely to be used as a weapon.
(8) "District" means District of Columbia.
(8A) ".50 BMG rifle" means:
(A) A rifle capable of firing a center-fire cartridge in .50 BMG caliber, including a 12.7 mm equivalent of .50 BMG and any other metric equivalent; or
(B) A copy or duplicate of any rifle described in subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, or any other rifle developed and manufactured after January 6, 2009, regardless of caliber, if such rifle is capable of firing a projectile that attains a muzzle energy of 12,000 foot-pounds or greater in any combination of bullet, propellant, case, or primer.
(9) "Firearm" means any weapon, regardless of operability, which will, or is designed or redesigned, made or remade, readily converted, restored, or repaired, or is intended to, expel a projectile or projectiles by the action of an explosive; the frame or receiver of any such device; or any firearm muffler or silencer; provided, that such term shall not include:
(A) Antique firearms; or
(B) Destructive devices;
(C) Any device used exclusively for line throwing, signaling, or safety, and required or recommended by the Coast Guard or Interstate Commerce Commission;
(D) Any device used exclusively for firing explosive rivets, stud cartridges, or similar industrial ammunition and incapable for use as a weapon; or
(E) A stun gun.
(9A) "Firearms instructor" means an individual who is certified by the Chief to be qualified to teach firearms training and safety courses.
(9A-i)
(A) "Frame" or 'receiver" means a part of a firearm that when the complete weapon is assembled is visible from the exterior and provides the housing or structure designed to hold or integrate one or more fire control components, even if pins or other attachments are required to connect those components to the housing or structure.
(B) For tile purposes of this paragraph, the term "fire control component" means a component necessary for the firearm to initiate, complete, or continue the tiring sequence, and includes a hammer, bolt, bolt carrier, breechblock, cylinder, trigger mechanism, firing pin, striker, or slide rails.
(C)
(i) For a firearm model that has multiple parts that could be deemed a 'frame" or "receiver" under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, the term "frame" or "receiver" shall not include "non-primary frames" or "non-primary receivers".
(ii) A part that would otherwise be deemed a "frame" or "receiver" under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph shall be deemed a "non-primary frame" or "non-primary receiver" if federal law:
(I) Does not require serialization of that part; and
(II) Requires serialization of another part that is a frame or receiver, as those terms are defined in this section.
(D)
(i) The term "frame" or "receiver" shall not include a frame or receiver that has been destroyed.
(ii) For the purposes of this subparagraph, a frame or receiver is destroyed if it has been permanently altered not to provide housing or a structure that may hold or integrate any fire control or essential internal component and may not readily be assembled, completed, converted, or restored to a functional state.
(9B)
(A) "Ghost gun" means any:
(i) Firearm that, after the removal of grips, stocks, and magazines, is not as detectable as the Security Exemplar by walk-through metal detectors calibrated and operated to detect the Security Exemplar;
(ii) Major component of a firearm that, when subjected to inspection by the types of detection devices commonly used at secure public buildings and transit stations, does not generate an image that accurately depicts the shape of the component; or
(iii) Firearm, including a frame or receiver, that lacks a unique serial number engraved or cast on it by a licensed manufacturer or importer in accordance with federal law, assigned by the agency of a State and permanently engraved or cast on the firearm, or otherwise placed on the firearm in compliance with section 202.
(B) The term "ghost gun" does not include any;
(i) Firearm that has been rendered permanently inoperable;
(ii) Firearm manufactured or imported before December 16,1968; or
(iii) Firearm identified as provided for under section 5842 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986.
(C) For the purposes of subparagraph (A)(i) of this paragraph, the term "firearm" does not include the frame or receiver of any such weapon.
(D) For the purposes of subparagraph (A)(ii) of this paragraph, the term "major component" with respect to a firearm;
(i) Means the slide or cylinder or the frame or receiver of the firearm; and
(ii) In the case of a rifle or shotgun, includes the barrel of the firearm.
(9C) "Intrafamily offense" shall have the same meaning as provided in § 16-1001(8).
(10) "Machine gun" means any firearm which shoots, is designed to shoot, or can be readily restored to shoot, automatically more than one shot, without manual reloading, by a single function of the trigger. The term "machine gun" shall also include the frame or receiver of any such firearm, any part designed and intended solely and exclusively, or combination of parts designed and intended, for use in converting a firearm into a machine gun, and any combination of parts from which a machine gun can be assembled if such parts are in the possession or under the control of a person.
(10A)
(A) "Manufacture" means to:
(i) Fabricate, make, form, produce, or construct, by manual labor or by machinery;
(ii) Assemble a functional firearm; or
(iii) Mold, machine, or 3D print a frame or receiver; and
(B) The term "manufacture" does not include making or fitting special barrels, stocks, or trigger mechanisms to firearms.
(11) "Organization" means any partnership, company, corporation, or other business entity, or any group or association of 2 or more persons united for a common purpose.
(11A) "Permanently inoperable" means incapable of discharging a shot by means of an explosive and incapable of being readily restored to a firing condition.
(12) "Pistol" means any firearm originally designed to be fired by use of a single hand or with a barrel less than 12 inches in length.
(12A) "Place of business" means a business that is located in an immovable structure at a fixed location and that is operated and owned entirely, or in substantial part, by the firearm registrant.
(12B)
(A) "Receiver" means a part of a firearm that, when the complete weapon is assembled, is visible from the exterior and provides the housing or structure designed to hold or integrate one or more fire control components, even if pins or other attachments are required to connect those components to the housing or structure. Any such part identified with a serial number shall be presumed, absent an official determination by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives or other reliable evidence to the contrary, to be a frame or receiver.
(B) For the purposes of this paragraph, the term "fire control component" means a component necessary for the firearm to initiate, complete, or continue the firing sequence, and includes a hammer, bolt, bolt carrier, breechblock, cylinder, trigger mechanism, firing pin, striker, or slide rails.
(C)
(i) The term "receiver" shall not include a receiver that has been destroyed.
(ii) For the purposes of this subparagraph, a receiver is destroyed if it has been permanently altered not to provide housing or a structure that may hold or integrate any fire control or essential internal component, and may not readily be assembled, completed, converted, or restored to a functional state.
(D) For the purposes of this act, the term "frame" is synonymous with the term "receiver".
(13) "Registration certificate" means a certificate validly issued pursuant to this unit evincing the registration of a firearm pursuant to this unit.
(13A)
(A) "Restricted pistol bullet" means:
(i) A projectile or projectile core which may be used in a pistol and which is constructed entirely (excluding the presence of traces of other substances) from one or a combination of tungsten alloys, steel, iron, brass, bronze, beryllium copper, or depleted uranium;
(ii) A full jacketed projectile larger than .22 caliber designed and intended for use in a pistol and whose jacket has a weight of more than 25% of the total weight of the projectile; or
(iii) Ammunition for a .50 BMG rifle.
(B) The term "restricted pistol bullet" does not include:
(i) Shotgun shot required by federal or state environmental or game regulations for hunting purposes;
(ii) A frangible projectile designed for target shooting;
(iii) A projectile which the Attorney General of the United States finds is primarily intended to be used for sporting purposes; or
(iv) Any other projectile or projectile core which the Attorney General of the United States finds is intended to be used for industrial purposes, including a charge used in an oil and gas well perforating device.
(14) "Rifle" means a grooved bore firearm using a fixed metallic cartridge with a single projectile and designed or redesigned, made or remade, and intended to be fired from the shoulder.
(15) "Sawed-off shotgun" means a shotgun having a barrel of less than 18 inches in length; or a firearm made from a shotgun if such firearm as modified has an overall length of less than 26 inches or any barrel of less than 18 inches in length.
(15A) "Security Exemplar" means an object, to be fabricated at the direction of the Mayor, that is:
(A) Constructed of 3.7 ounces of material type 17-4 PH stainless steel in a shape resembling a handgun; and
(B) Suitable for testing and calibrating metal detectors.
(16) "Shotgun" means a smooth bore firearm using a fixed shotgun shell with either a number of ball shot or a single projectile, and designed or redesigned, made or remade, and intended to be fired from the shoulder.
(17) "Short barreled rifle" means a rifle having any barrel less than 16 inches in length, or a firearm made from a rifle if such firearm as modified has an overall length of less than 26 inches or any barrel of less than 16 inches.
(17A) "Stun gun" means any device designed or redesigned, made or remade, or readily converted or restored, and used or intended to be used offensively or defensively to immobilize or incapacitate a person by the use of electric current or audible, optical, or electromagnetic pulse.
(17B) [Repealed by 2023 Amendment.]
(18) "Weapons offense" means any violation in any jurisdiction of any law which involves the sale, purchase, transfer in any manner, receipt, acquisition, possession, having under control, use, repair, manufacture, carrying, or transportation of any firearm, ammunition, or destructive device.

D.C. Code § 7-2501.01

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