Ohio

Get the latest information on Ohio firearm law

Quick Reference

Magazine Capacity Restrictions

Constitutional (Permitless) Carry Allowed

Red Flag Laws

Carry in Alcohol Establishments Allowed

Open Carry Allowed

No Weapons Signs Enforced by Law

NFA Weapons Allowed

yes

Duty to Retreat

Duty to Inform Law Enforcement

"Universal" Background Checks Required

State Law Summary

Constitution of the State of Ohio - Ohio Const. Art. I, § 4
" "The people have the right to bear arms for their defense and security."

Ohio's firearm law history has seen notable developments over the years. In 2004, Ohio enacted a concealed carry law that allowed individuals to obtain permits after passing a background check and completing a training course, marking a significant step forward in recognizing the rights of gun owners. The state further advanced gun rights in 2015 with the passage of legislation that permitted concealed carry in certain public areas, including bars and restaurants, provided the establishment allowed it. In the landmark case Katz v. Ohio (2016), the Ohio Supreme Court upheld the right to carry firearms for self-defense, reinforcing the legal framework surrounding gun ownership. More recently, ongoing discussions about "Permitless Carry" have reflected public interest in expanding gun rights, highlighting Ohio's evolving approach to firearm laws while emphasizing responsible ownership and self-defense.

Permit Eligibility, Training and Application Process

Ohio's history of licenses to carry a concealed handgun began with the passage of Senate Bill 184 in 2004, which established the state's concealed carry permit system. This law allowed individuals to obtain a concealed carry license after completing a background check and a 12-hour training course, reflecting a commitment to responsible gun ownership. In 2011, Ohio further expanded gun rights by enacting legislation that permitted concealed carry in additional locations, such as parks and certain public buildings, enhancing the rights of permit holders. The state continued to evolve its laws with the passage of House Bill 142 in 2016, which streamlined the renewal process for concealed carry licenses. Ongoing discussions about "Permitless Carry" reflect the public's interest in broadening firearm rights, illustrating Ohio's dynamic legal landscape surrounding concealed carry and personal self-defense.

Ohio CHL Eligibility

To obtain an Ohio concealed-handgun license (CHL), the following must be true:

  • You must be able to pass a federal NICS (National Instant Criminal Background Check System) check to obtain an Ohio Concealed Carry License. If you cannot purchase a gun from a federally licensed gun dealer, you will not be able to obtain an Ohio Concealed Carry License.
  • You must not have had a concealed-handgun license issued by another state that is suspended.
  • If you live in another state, you must be employed in Ohio.
  • You cannot be an unlawful user of, or addicted to, any controlled substance as defined in 21 U.S.C. 802.
  • If you are a nonimmigrant who is legally in the United States, you must have been lawfully admitted to the United States without a nonimmigrant visa or you were lawfully admitted under a nonimmigrant visa as defined in the federal Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(26) and fall within one of the exceptions listed in 18 U.S.C. 922(y)(2).
  • You must not have been discharged from the U.S. Armed Forces under dishonorable conditions.
  • You must not have renounced your U.S. citizenship.
  • You must not have been convicted of or pleaded guilty to or adjudicated a delinquent child for committing a violation of section 2919.25 of the Revised Code (domestic violence) or a similar violation in another state.
  • You must not be under indictment, be charged with, or convicted of any felony.
  • You must not have been adjudicated as mentally defective, committed to any mental institution, under a current adjudication of incompetence, found by a court to be mentally ill subject to hospitalization by court order, or an involuntary patient other than one who is under observation.

Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2923.125

 

Ohio CHL Training Requirements

Each such course, class, or program described in one of those divisions shall include at least eight hours of training in the safe handling and use of a firearm that shall include training on all of the following:

  1. The ability to name, explain, and demonstrate the rules for safe handling of a handgun and proper storage practices for handguns and ammunition;
  2. The ability to demonstrate and explain how to handle ammunition in a safe manner;
  3. The ability to demonstrate the knowledge, skills, and attitude necessary to shoot a handgun in a safe manner;
  4. Gun handling training;
  5. A minimum of two hours of in-person training that consists of range time and live-fire training.

To satisfactorily complete the course the applicant shall pass a competency examination that shall include both of the following:

  1. A written section on the ability to name and explain the rules for the safe handling of a handgun and proper storage practices for handguns and ammunition;
  2. An in-person physical demonstration of competence in the use of a handgun and in the rules for safe handling and storage of a handgun and a physical demonstration of the attitude necessary to shoot a handgun in a safe manner.

Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2923.125

 

Ohio CHL Application Process
To begin the application process, you must apply to the sheriff in the county where you reside or an adjoining county. Before you apply with your local sheriff, call ahead to determine the times applications are accepted and confirm what documentation may be necessary.

  • The sheriff must provide application forms and accept license applications and supporting documents for regular licenses at least 15 hours each week. The sheriff shall post a notice of the hours during which the sheriff is available to accept applications or to provide information about the licensing process.
  • The sheriff must provide you with the internet link to obtain a printable application form and this pamphlet. You must pay a fee, which will vary depending on the background check the sheriff must conduct. The minimum fee for a background check and license is $67. You must provide evidence of your competency certification as described above and certify that you have read this publication. Applicants also must submit their fingerprints, which are necessary to conduct the background check.
  • The applicant must state whether he has a concealed handgun license that is currently suspended and whether or not he has previously applied for a concealed handgun license. If the applicant has previously applied for a license, the applicant must provide the name of the county in which the application was made.
  • All licenses expire five years after the issue date.

Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2923.125

Permitless Carry Law

The terms “constitutional carry” and “permitless carry” refer to states that have laws allowing individuals to carry a loaded firearm in public without requiring a license or permit.

Ohio law:

Effective June 12, 2022: A person who is a qualifying adult shall not be required to obtain a concealed handgun license in order to carry in this state, a concealed handgun that is not a restricted firearm.

  • Regardless of whether the person has been issued a concealed handgun license … a person who is a qualifying adult may carry a concealed handgun that is not a restricted firearm anywhere in this state in which a person who has been issued a concealed handgun license may carry a concealed handgun.
  • The right of a person who is a qualifying adult to carry a concealed handgun that is not a restricted firearm … is the same right as is granted to a person who has been issued a concealed handgun license, and a qualifying adult who is granted the right is subject to the same restrictions as apply to a person who has been issued a concealed handgun license.

"Qualifying adult" means a person who is all of the following:

  1. Twenty-one years of age or older;
  2. Not legally prohibited from possessing or receiving a firearm under 18 U.S.C. 922(g)(1) to (9) or under section 2923.13 of the Revised Code or any other Revised Code provision;
  3. Satisfies all of the criteria listed in divisions (D)(1)(a) to (j), (m), (p), (q), and (s) of section 2923.125 of the Revised Code.

 

Reciprocity Agreements

Reciprocity refers to an agreement between states to recognize, or honor, a concealed firearm permit issued by another state.

When you are in another state, you are subject to that state’s laws. Even if a state recognizes your carry permit or allows for permitless carry, the state may have additional restrictions on certain types of firearms, magazines, or ammunition. Take time to learn the law!

Recognizes an Ohio Permit or does not require a license
Recognizes Ohio Resident Permit only
Does not recognize an Ohio Permit
Permitless Carry State

State Preemption Laws

State firearm preemption laws are statutes that prevent local governments from enacting or enforcing their own gun regulations that are more restrictive than state law. These laws ensure that firearm regulations remain consistent across the state, preventing a patchwork of different rules in various cities or counties. 

Ohio is one of 42 states that have a “preemption” law. That means authority to enact laws that regulate firearms resides solely with the state legislature, and local municipalities may not enact their own firearm laws. Preemption laws protect firearm owners from cities and towns creating a patchwork of gun control laws that would ensnare state citizens traveling throughout the state.

Ohio Law:

  • Except as specifically provided by the United States Constitution, Ohio Constitution, state law, or federal law, a person, without further license, permission, restriction, delay, or process, including by any ordinance, rule, regulation, resolution, practice, or other action or any threat of citation, prosecution, or other legal process, may own, possess, purchase, acquire, transport, store, carry, sell, transfer, manufacture, or keep any firearm, part of a firearm, its components, and its ammunition, and any knife. Any such further license, permission, restriction, delay, or process interferes with the fundamental individual right described in this division and unduly inhibits law-abiding people from protecting themselves, their families, and others from intruders and attackers and from other legitimate uses of constitutionally protected arms, including hunting and sporting activities, and the state by this section preempts, supersedes, and declares null and void any such further license, permission, restriction, delay, or process.

Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 9.68

Purchase/Transfer Laws

When buying or selling a firearm, both federal and state laws must be followed. Under 18 U.S.C. § 922(a)(5), a private party may sell a firearm to a resident of the same state if two conditions are met: (1) the seller and buyer must be residents of the same state, and (2) the seller must not know or have reasonable cause to believe that the buyer is prohibited from receiving or possessing firearms under federal law, as outlined in 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). 

Additionally, a private seller may loan or rent a firearm to a resident of any state for temporary lawful sporting use, provided they meet the same condition of not knowing or having reason to believe the borrower is prohibited under federal law.  

In addition to federal law, state laws governing firearm sales must also be followed, as states may impose additional restrictions such as background checks, waiting periods, or bans on specific types of firearms. 

In Ohio, a private party may sell/give a firearm to anyone who resides in Ohio so long as they are of legal age and not otherwise prohibited from owning a firearm.

Ohio law:

No person shall:

  1. Recklessly sell, lend, give, or furnish any firearm to any person prohibited [from possessing a firearm], or recklessly sell, lend, give, or furnish any dangerous ordnance to any person prohibited [from possessing a firearm];
  2. Knowingly fail to report to law enforcement authorities forthwith the loss or theft of any firearm or dangerous ordnance in the person's possession or under the person's control.

Whoever violates this section is guilty of unlawful transactions in weapons.

Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2923.20

Firearm Classification and Accessory Restrictions

COMING SOON!

Magazine Capacity Restrictions

Magazine capacity laws are designed to limit the number of rounds a firearm's magazine can hold, typically restricting it to a certain number of cartridges (e.g., 10 rounds or fewer). Some state laws restrict the amount of rounds that may be placed in a magazine at any given time, while others prevent the mere possession of unloaded magazines capable of accepting more than a certain number of rounds.  

Ohio has no laws restricting the ammunition capacity of magazines.

Prohibited Areas - Where Firearms Are Prohibited Under State law

Carrying a firearm into a place where firearms are prohibited by state or federal law is a common way for gun owners to find themselves in legal trouble. These places are known as “prohibited areas,” and they can vary greatly from state to state. 

Below you will find the list of the places where firearms are prohibited under this state’s laws. Keep in mind, in addition to these state prohibited areas, federal law adds additional places where firearms are prohibited. See the federal law section for a list of federal prohibited areas.  

Places Where Firearms Are Prohibited Under Ohio Law:

  1. Police stations
  2. Sheriffs’ offices
  3. Highway Patrol posts
  4. Premises controlled by the Ohio Bureau of Criminal Identification and Investigation.
  5. Correctional institutions or other detention facilities.
  6. Airport terminals or commercial airplanes.
    • Effective 03/18/17 this prohibition only pertains to any area of an airport passenger terminal that is beyond a passenger or property screening checkpoint or to which access is restricted through security measures by the airport authority or a public agency
  7. Institutions for the care of mentally ill persons.
  8. Courthouses or buildings in which a courtroom is located.
  9. Universities, unless locked in a motor vehicle or in the process of being locked in a motor vehicle.
  10. Places of worship, unless the place of worship permits otherwise.
  11. Licensed D-Liquor Permit premises.
    • This provision does not apply to any person who has been issued a concealed handgun license that is valid at the time in question as long as the person is not consuming beer or intoxicating liquor or under the influence of alcohol or a drug of abuse. Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2923.121
  12. Government facilities that are not used primarily as a shelter, restroom, parking facility for motor vehicles, or rest facility and is not a courthouse or a building or structure in which a courtroom is located. (Ohio Rev. Code. Ann. §2923.126(b)) Unless the governing body with authority over the building has enacted a statute, ordinance, or policy that permits a licensee to carry.
  13. School safety zones. (Ohio Rev. Code. Ann. §2923.126(b))
    • Effective 03/18/17 this section does not apply to a person if all of the following apply: (a) The person has been issued a concealed handgun license that is valid at the time of the conveyance, attempted conveyance, or possession or the person is an active duty member of the armed forces of the United States and is carrying a valid military identification card and documentation of successful completion of firearms training that meets or exceeds the training. (b) The person leaves the handgun in a motor vehicle. (c) The handgun does not leave the motor vehicle. (d) If the person exits the motor vehicle, the person locks the motor vehicle.
  14. Capitol buildings and grounds. (Ohio Admin Code 128-4-02)
  15. Posted “No Guns Allowed” Property (Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2923.126 (B)(3)(a))

Ohio Rev. Code. Ann. §2923.126

Methods of Carry - Open Carry Laws

Open carry and concealed carry refer to two distinct methods of carrying firearms in public. Open carry involves visibly carrying a firearm, typically in a holster, where it is easily seen by others. Concealed carry, on the other hand, involves carrying a firearm in a hidden manner, such as under clothing, so that it is not visible to others.  

On March 14, 2007, Ohio state law was amended to recognize that the right to keep and bear arms, including the open carry of a firearm, is a “fundamental individual right” that is a “constitutionally protected right in every part of Ohio.” SEE Cleveland v. State, 942 N.E.2d 370, 372 (Ohio 2010).

Ohio law:

  • The individual right to keep and bear arms, being a fundamental individual right that predates the United States Constitution and Ohio Constitution, and being a constitutionally protected right in every part of Ohio ... Except as specifically provided by the United States Constitution, Ohio Constitution, state law, or federal law, a person, without further license, permission, restriction, delay, or process, may own, possess, purchase, sell, transfer, transport, store, or keep any firearm, part of a firearm, its components, and its ammunition... The possession, transporting, or carrying of firearms, their components, or their ammunition include, but are not limited to, the possession, transporting, or carrying, openly or concealed on a person's person or concealed ready at hand, of firearms, their components, or their ammunition.

Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 9.68

No Weapons Signs

No weapons" signs are notices posted by businesses or private property owners indicating that firearms or other weapons are not allowed on the premises. The legal impact of these signs varies by state. In some states, these signs have the force of law, meaning that if a person carries a weapon onto the property in violation of the sign, they can face criminal penalties such as fines or arrest. In these states, ignoring a "no weapons" sign can result in legal consequences similar to trespassing.  

In other states, however, these signs are merely a business's policy, and while a person carrying a weapon might be asked to leave, there are no legal penalties for entering with a weapon unless they refuse to leave when asked, at which point trespassing laws may apply. 

Ohio law does not say precisely what language must be on the sign prohibiting firearms. At a minimum, signs must be conspicuous and inform people that firearms and/or concealed handguns are prohibited.

Ohio Law: the owner or person in control of private land or premises, and a private person or entity leasing land or premises owned by the state, the United States, or a political subdivision of the state or the United States, may post a sign in a conspicuous location on that land or on those premises prohibiting persons from carrying firearms or concealed firearms on or onto that land or those premises. Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2923.126 (B)(3)(a)

Landlords: A landlord may NOT prohibit or restrict a tenant who is a licensee from lawfully carrying or possessing a handgun on those residential premises.

Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2923.126 (b)

Controlled Substance/Alcohol Laws

Most, but not all, states have laws in place that regulate possessing firearms while intoxicated, and individual states will define "intoxicated" differently. In addition to state law, federal law also prohibits the possession of a firearm by any person who is “an unlawful user of or addicted to any controlled substance” as defined by the Controlled Substances Act (“CSA”). There are five different schedules of controlled substances regulated by the CSA, scheduled as I–V. The types of drugs that are regulated range from heroin as a Schedule I substance, to Robitussin AC as a Schedule V substance. Even a gun owner that is prescribed a scheduled drug by a physician can be in legal jeopardy if it is proven that the drug was taken in a frequency or manner other than was prescribed.

Although legal for medicinal or recreational use in many states, marijuana remains classified as a scheduled controlled substance under the federal Controlled Substances Act (CSA), codified as 21 U.S.C. § 812. On May 16, 2024, the U.S. Department of Justice published a proposed rule change that would reclassify marijuana from schedule I to a schedule III drug. It is anticipated this rescheduling will formally occur in 2024 or 2025. Unlike schedule I drugs, schedule III drugs may be lawfully prescribed by a licensed physician, and thus the possession of these prescribed drugs does not make the possession of a firearm inherently unlawful the way possession of a schedule I substance would. This means that the rescheduling of marijuana to a schedule III drug would finally allow for the lawful use, possession and purchase of firearms by prescription marijuana users. However, if it is determined that the marijuana is possessed without a prescription, is used in a manner that is not prescribed, or that the individual with the prescription is addicted to marijuana, possession of a firearm would still be a federal offense. Federal law states that a person is addicted to a controlled substance when they have “lost the power of self-control with reference to the use of controlled substance; and any person who is a current user of a controlled substance in a manner other than as prescribed by a licensed physician.”

27 C.F.R. § 478.11, 18 U.S.C. §922(g)(3)

Ohio law:

No person, while under the influence of alcohol or any drug of abuse, shall carry or use any firearm or dangerous ordnance. Whoever violates this section is guilty of using weapons while intoxicated, a misdemeanor of the first degree.

Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2923.15

 

From the Legislative Service Commission: This section enacts a prohibition against carrying or using any firearm or dangerous ordnance while intoxicated. The rationale for the offense is that carrying or using firearms or dangerous ordnance without having complete control of one's faculties presents a danger as great as driving while intoxicated. In part, the section is also designed as a tool to permit law enforcement officers to step in and prevent the commission of more serious crimes, as well as tragic accidents. There is no exception to the prohibition--law enforcement officers, demolition experts, sportsmen, and others must all be sober at the time they carry or use firearms or dangerous ordnance.

Vehicle and Transport Laws

Permit reciprocity and other differences between state regulation of firearms can create a difficult landscape for firearm owners to navigate while transporting firearms interstate. In 1968, and again in 1986, Congress set out to help hunters, travelers, and other firearm owners who were getting arrested for merely transporting firearms through restrictive states. To help simplify the complex web of state firearm laws, Congress passed the 1986 Firearm Owners Protection Act (“FOPA”) as part of Senate Bill 2414. The specific “safe harbor” provision of the law, often referred to as the “McClure-Volkmer Rule,” provides some protection for gun owners transporting firearms through restrictive states, subject to strict requirements. This federal law is covered in more detail in the federal law section of this database.  

Beyond federal law, the laws of each state will impose additional restrictions, or protections, related to transporting firearms in a vehicle.  

Ohio law does not address the issue of transporting a firearm in a vehicle.

Storage Requirements

Some states have laws that require gun owners to take specific measures to secure their firearms, especially in households with children. Many of these state laws mandate that guns be stored in locked containers or safes when not in use. These laws often impose penalties for failing to secure firearms, particularly if they are accessed by unauthorized individuals, such as minors.  

Ohio does not have any laws specifically related to how firearms must be stored.

Other Weapons Restrictions

COMING SOON!

Police Encounter Laws

Some states impose a legal duty upon permit holders that requires them to inform a police officer of the presence of a firearm whenever they have an official encounter, such as a traffic stop. These states are called “duty to inform” states. In these states you are required by law to immediately, and affirmatively, tell a police officer if you have a firearm in your possession. 

In addition to “duty to inform states,” some states have “quasi duty to inform” laws. These laws generally require that a permit holder have his/her permit in their possession and surrender it upon the request of an officer. The specific requirements of these laws will vary from state to state. 

The final category of states is classified as “no duty to inform” states. In these states there are no laws that require a gun owner to affirmatively inform an officer if they have a firearm. Additionally, there are also generally no laws that require you to respond or provide a permit if asked about the presence of a firearm.   

Effective June 12, 2022, Ohio is a quasi duty-to-inform state, which means that although you are not affirmatively required to inform an officer of your firearm, you must disclose the firearm if asked. Unless directed otherwise by the officer, the law states you must keep your hands in plain sight at all times during the stop.

Ohio law:

No person who has been issued a concealed handgun license shall:

  • If the person is stopped for a law enforcement purpose and is carrying a concealed handgun, before or at the time a law enforcement officer asks if the person is carrying a concealed handgun, knowingly fail to disclose that the person then is carrying a concealed handgun, provided that it is not a violation of this division if the person fails to disclose that fact to an officer during the stop and the person already has notified another officer of that fact during the same stop;

Ohio Rev. Code Ann. §2923.16(E)

Red Flag or Emergency Risk Orders

Emergency Risk Orders (or "Red Flag Laws") enable rapid legal action when someone is believed to be at significant risk of harming themselves or others with a firearm. Generally speaking, these controversial laws allow law enforcement to seek a court order to temporarily confiscate firearms from the individual and prevent them from purchasing new ones while the order is in effect. The most robust laws also permit family members and others to file petitions. 

Ohio does not have Emergency Risk Orders ("Red Flag Laws).

Use of Force in Defense of Person

The legal use of force, including deadly force, is regulated by state law. There are no federal laws that dictate when you can use force in self-defense in all states. As such, it is essential to become familiar with individual state laws.  

Ohio law:

To establish a claim of self defense, the defendant must prove by the greater weight of the evidence that

  1. He/she was not at fault in creating the situation giving rise to (describe the event in which death or injury occurred); and
  2. he/she had reasonable grounds to believe and an honest belief, even if mistaken, that he/she was in (imminent)(immediate) danger of death or great bodily harm, and that his/her only reasonable means of (retreat)(escape)(withdraw) from such danger was by the use of deadly force; and
  3. he/she had not violated any duty to (retreat)(escape)(withdraw) to avoid the danger.

State v. Barker, 2023-Ohio-453

Use of Force in Defense of Others

Defense of third party laws allow an individual to use force, including deadly force, to protect another person from harm. These laws generally permit intervention if the third party would have had the right to use force in their own self-defense under the same circumstances. The exact application of these laws will vary by jurisdiction, so it is important to understand the framework of each individual state.

A person is justified in using deadly force to defend a third party only if:

  1. The person was not at fault in creating the situation giving rise to the event in which death or injury occurred, and had no duty to retreat, and
  2. The person had reasonable grounds to believe and an honest belief, even if mistaken, that the third party was in imminent danger of death or great bodily harm and that the only means of protecting him/her was by the use of deadly force.

From the Ohio Attorney General’s Law Handout:

“A person may defend another only if the protected person would have had the right to use deadly force in defending him- or herself. Under Ohio law, a person may defend family members, friends, or strangers. However, just as if a person were protecting him- or herself, a person cannot use any more force than is reasonable and necessary to prevent the harm threatened.

A defendant who claims that he or she used deadly force to protect another has to prove that he or she reasonably and honestly believed that the person the defendant protected was in immediate danger of serious bodily harm or death and that deadly force was the only way to protect the person from that danger. Furthermore, the defendant also must show that the protected person was not at fault for creating the situation.”

29A Ohio Jur. 3d § 325

Use of Force in Defense of Habitation

The term "castle doctrine" comes from English common law providing that one's abode is a special area in which one enjoys certain protections and immunities, from which one is not obligated to retreat before defending oneself against attack, and in which one may do so without fear of prosecution.   

Many states have instituted castle doctrine laws, with varying degrees of formality. Some states have statutorily enacted castle doctrine laws, some have judicially-created protections (called “common laws”), while others have no amplified protections in the home at all. 

Ohio law:

“Castle Doctrine” generally encompasses the idea that a person does not have a duty to retreat from the residence he lawfully occupies before using force in self-defense or defense of another. Additionally, there is no duty to retreat if a person is lawfully in his or her vehicle or is lawfully an occupant in a vehicle owned by an immediate family member of that person. The law presumes that you acted in self-defense or in the defense of another when using deadly force if the victim unlawfully and without privilege entered or was in the process of entering the residence or vehicle you occupy. Self-defense and the burden of proof can be complicated, fact-specific legal concepts.

Generally speaking, the law will not presume that you have acted in self-defense if either of two things are true:

  1. The person against whom defense force is used has a right to be in, or is a lawful resident of, the residence or vehicle where the act of self-defense takes place.
  2. The person using defensive force within a residence or vehicle is not there lawfully.

Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2901.05(B)(3)(a)-(b) 

Use of Force in Defense of Property

Generally speaking, the use of deadly force is limited to circumstances that reasonably present an imminent threat of serious bodily injury or death of a human being. As such, using deadly force in defense of mere personal property is almost categorically prohibited. Although most states will allow the use of some amount of force (i.e. physically restraining someone until the police arrive), the use or threatened use of deadly force in defense of mere property is generally not permitted.

From the Ohio Attorney General’s Law Handout: “There must be an immediate threat of serious bodily harm or death in order to use deadly force. Protecting property alone does not allow for the use of deadly force. A property owner may use reasonable, but never deadly, force when he honestly believes that the force will protect his property from harm.

If a person’s property is being attacked or threatened, he may not use deadly force unless he reasonably believes it was the only way to protect himself or another from being killed or receiving serious bodily harm. Deadly force can never be used solely to protect property no matter where the threat to the property occurs.”

Yost, D. (2022). Ohio’s Concealed-Carry Laws and License Application. Ohio Attorney General

Self-Defense Immunity

To address the risk that those acting in lawful self-defense might be sued by their attacker, some states have implemented protective measures in the form of civil immunity statutes. These statutes serve to shield victims from certain civil lawsuits. If a state has a civil immunity statute in place, you generally enjoy protection from being sued by your attacker or attacker’s family as long as your use of force is deemed to be criminally justified. This legal framework provides a layer of protection for individuals who, in the course of defending themselves, might otherwise be subjected to additional legal challenges in the form of civil lawsuits. 

If, at the trial of a person who is accused of an offense that involved the person's use of force against another…the prosecution must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused person did not use the force in self-defense, defense of another, or defense of that person's residence, as the case may be.

A person is presumed to have acted in self-defense or defense of another when using defensive force that is intended or likely to cause death or great bodily harm to another if the person against whom the defensive force is used is in the process of unlawfully and without privilege to do so entering, or has unlawfully and without privilege to do so entered, the residence or vehicle occupied by the person using the defensive force.

However, Ohio does not have any laws specifically related to self-defense immunity.

Duty to Retreat

A duty to retreat is an obligation to flee that is imposed upon a civilian who is under attack. If applicable, it applies to the victim of unlawful force prior to their ability to use deadly force to defend him or herself. The duty to retreat makes self-defense unavailable to those who use deadly force when they could have retreated from the confrontation safely. The alternative to duty-to-retreat laws is no-duty-to-retreat laws or stand-your-ground laws as they’re commonly called. Stand-your-ground states impose no duty to flee upon victims and instead state that one can stand their ground and meet force with force, under certain situations. 

Ohio law:

For purposes of any section of the Revised Code that sets forth a criminal offense, a person has no duty to retreat before using force in self-defense, defense of another, or defense of that person's residence if that person is in a place in which the person lawfully has a right to be.

A trier of fact shall not consider the possibility of retreat as a factor in determining whether or not a person who used force in self-defense, defense of another, or defense of that person's residence reasonably believed that the force was necessary to prevent injury, loss, or risk to life or safety.

Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2901.09; R.C. 2901.05 (D)(2)

The defendant has a duty to retreat if he/she

  1. Was at fault in creating the situation giving rise to the event in which death or injury occurred; or
  2. Did not have reasonable grounds to believe and an honest belief that he/she was in imminent danger of death or great bodily harm or that he/she had a reasonable means of escape from that danger other than by the use of deadly force.

Self-Defense Limitations

COMING SOON!

Use of Force Considerations

Presumption of Innocence Every person accused of an offense is presumed innocent until proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, and the burden of proof for all elements of the offense is upon the prosecution… A person is allowed to act in self-defense, defense of another, or defense of that person's residence.

If, at the trial of a person who is accused of an offense that involved the person's use of force against another…the prosecution must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused person did not use the force in self-defense, defense of another, or defense of that person's residence, as the case may be.

A person is presumed to have acted in self-defense or defense of another when using defensive force that is intended or likely to cause death or great bodily harm to another if the person against whom the defensive force is used is in the process of unlawfully and without privilege to do so entering, or has unlawfully and without privilege to do so entered, the residence or vehicle occupied by the person using the defensive force.

Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2901.05

Use of Force Against Animals

Ohio law provides a statutory justification and defense to the crime of cruelty to animals for the use of deadly force against a dog that chases or approaches in a menacing fashion or apparent attitude of attack, attempts to bite or endanger you or any other person, or tries to injure you or kills another person.A dog belonging to someone else that is chasing, threatening, harassing, injuring, or killing livestock, poultry, a domestic animal, or any other animal can be killed at the time it is chasing, threatening, harassing, approaching, attempting, killing, or injuring. Interestingly, the statute states you can't kill a dog that's chasing or attacking another dog or cat. Also, the owner of such dog is generally liable in damages for any injury, death, or loss to a person or property that's caused by the dog.

Ohio Rev. Code § 955.28

Special Notes

Employer Property

  • Your employer can lawfully restrict your ability to carry your handgun inside your office or place of employment, but your employer cannot prohibit you from transporting your handgun to work and storing it in your motor vehicle. The firearm must be kept and locked inside an enclosed compartment or container within your privately-owned vehicle and the vehicle must be in a location it is otherwise permitted to be, such as a designated employee parking lot.

Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2923.1210

 

Civil Immunity For Business Owners

  • No business entity, property owner, or public or private employer shall be held liable in any civil action for damages, injuries, or death resulting from or arising out of another person's actions involving a firearm or ammunition transported or stored pursuant to division (A) of this section including the theft of a firearm from an employee's or invitee's automobile, unless the business entity, property owner, or public or private employer intentionally solicited or procured the other person's injurious actions. Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2923.1210
  • A nonprofit corporation shall be immune from liability in a civil action for any injury, death, or loss to person or property that allegedly was caused by or related to a licensee bringing a handgun onto the premises of the nonprofit corporation, Sec. 2923.126.

Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2923.1210

Cases to Watch

COMING SOON!

Scroll to Top