Quick Reference
Magazine Capacity Restrictions
Constitutional (Permitless) Carry Allowed
Red Flag Laws
Carry in Alcohol Establishments Allowed
Open Carry Allowed
No Weapons Signs Enforced by Law
NFA Weapons Allowed
Duty to Retreat
Duty to Inform Law Enforcement
"Universal" Background Checks Required
Table of Contents
State Law Summary
Constitution of the State of Montana - Mont. Const. Art. II, § 12
"The right to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed."
Montana's firearm law history is characterized by a strong emphasis on individual rights and significant legal developments. In 1991, the Montana Legislature enacted the "Right to Keep and Bear Arms" amendment, enshrining the Second Amendment rights in the state constitution. The 2009 case of Montana v. State further solidified this commitment by upholding the legality of concealed carry without a permit. In 2011, Montana passed the Firearms Freedom Act, asserting that firearms manufactured and sold within the state are not subject to federal regulation, emphasizing state sovereignty. More recently, in 2021, legislation aimed at protecting gun owners from federal overreach was introduced, illustrating the state's ongoing commitment to firearm rights. Overall, Montana's legal landscape reflects a proactive approach to safeguarding individual liberties in the realm of firearms.
Permit Eligibility, Training and Application Process
The history of concealed weapons permits in Montana has seen significant developments over the years. In 1991, the state enacted the Concealed Weapon Permit Act, allowing residents to apply for permits to carry concealed firearms. This framework was refined in 2003 with a "shall-issue" provision, ensuring that permits must be granted to applicants who meet established criteria. A pivotal change occurred in 2011 when Montana adopted legislation permitting concealed carry without a permit, reflecting a broader trend towards gun rights across the country. In 2013, additional amendments were introduced to streamline the permit application process and enhance training requirements, further supporting responsible gun ownership while expanding individual rights. This progression highlights Montana's evolving stance on concealed carry and its commitment to Second Amendment rights.
An applicant for a Montana (standard) Concealed Weapon Permit must:
- be a United States citizen or permanent lawful resident
- be 18 years of age
- hold a valid Montana driver's license or other form of identification issued by the state that has a picture of the person identified
- have been a resident of the state for at least 6 months
An applicant for a Montana Enhanced Concealed Weapon Permit must:
- be a United States citizen or permanent lawful resident
- be 18 years of age or older for a Temporary Restricted Enhanced Permit or 21 years of age or older for an Enhanced Permit
- hold a valid Montana driver's license or other form of identification issued by the state that has a picture of the person identified
- have been a resident of the state for at least 6 months
Mont. Code § 45-8-321 (1)
Montana Permit Training Requirements
An applicant for a permit under this section must, as a condition to issuance of the permit, be required by the sheriff to demonstrate familiarity with a firearm by:
- completion of a hunter education or safety course approved or conducted by the department of fish, wildlife, and parks or a similar agency of another state;
- completion of a firearms safety or training course approved or conducted by the department of fish, wildlife, and parks, a similar agency of another state, a national firearms association, a law enforcement agency, an institution of higher education, or an organization that uses instructors certified by a national firearms association;
- completion of a law enforcement firearms safety or training course offered to or required of public or private law enforcement personnel and conducted or approved by a law enforcement agency;
- possession of a license from another state to carry a firearm, concealed or otherwise, that is granted by that state upon completion of a course described in subsections (3)(a) through (3)(c); or
- evidence that the applicant, during military service, was found to be qualified to operate firearms, including handguns.
Mont. Code § 45-8-321 (3)
Enhanced Permit Requirements
To obtain an optional enhanced permit to carry a concealed weapon, an applicant shall submit an application to the sheriff of the county in which the applicant resides. The permit is valid for 5 years from the date of issuance.
An application for an enhanced permit must include:
- a copy of the applicant's fingerprints for submission to the federal bureau of investigation, or to any government agency or entity authorized to receive the information, for a state, national, and international criminal background check;
- an authorization from the applicant to run a fingerprint background check;
- and proof that the applicant:
(i) has successfully completed a qualifying handgun course, as defined in subsection (5), within the preceding 12 months; or
(ii) is a current or former law enforcement officer and has, within the preceding 12 months, qualified or requalified on a certified shooting course administered by a firearms instructor approved by a law enforcement agency.
A qualifying handgun course is any handgun course approved by a law enforcement agency that includes instruction in each of the following:
- laws relating to firearms and the use of force;
- the basic concepts of the safe and responsible use of handguns;
- self-defense principles; and
- live fire training, including the firing of at least 98 rounds of ammunition by the student.
Mont. Code § 45-8-312
Montana Permit Application Process
Applicants must apply in person at the County Sheriff’s Office and provide proof of firearm familiarity. The fee for issuance of a permit is $50.
The sheriff shall conduct a background check of an applicant to determine whether the applicant is eligible for a permit, may require an applicant to submit the applicant's fingerprints, and may charge the applicant $5 for fingerprinting. A renewal does not require repeat fingerprinting.
A county sheriff shall, within 60 days after the filing of an application, issue a permit to carry a concealed weapon to the applicant.
The permit is valid for a period of 4 years and the renewal fee is $25.
Mont. Code § 45-8-321 and Mont. Code § 45-8-322
Permitless Carry Law
The terms “constitutional carry” and “permitless carry” refer to states that have laws allowing individuals to carry a loaded firearm in public without requiring a license or permit.
Montana Permitless Carry Law
On 02/18/21, Montana Governor, Greg Gianforte, signed a permitless carry bill into law. This law, which takes effect immediately, makes it legal to carry a firearm in most places in the state without a license. The new law expands the places where Montanans can carry a firearm without a permit.
The law:
- A person who carries or bears concealed upon the individual's person a firearm shall be punished by a fine not exceeding $500 or by imprisonment in the county jail for a period not exceeding 6 months, or both.
- A person who has previously been convicted of an offense, committed on a different occasion than the offense under this section, in this state or any other jurisdiction for which a sentence to a term of imprisonment in excess of 1 year could have been imposed and who carries or bears concealed upon the individual's person a firearm shall be punished by a fine not exceeding $1,000 or be imprisoned in the state prison for a period not exceeding 5 years, or both.
- This section does not apply to a person eligible to possess a firearm under state or federal law.
A county, city, town, consolidated local government, or other local government unit has power to prevent and suppress the carrying of unpermitted concealed weapons or the carrying of unconcealed weapons to a publicly owned and occupied building under its jurisdiction. (Mont. Code Ann. § 45-8-351)
Mont. Code § 45-8-316
Reciprocity Agreements
Reciprocity refers to an agreement between states to recognize, or honor, a concealed firearm permit issued by another state.
When you are in another state, you are subject to that state’s laws. Even if a state recognizes your carry permit or allows for permitless carry, the state may have additional restrictions on certain types of firearms, magazines, or ammunition. Take time to learn the law!
State Preemption Laws
State firearm preemption laws are statutes that prevent local governments from enacting or enforcing their own gun regulations that are more restrictive than state law. These laws ensure that firearm regulations remain consistent across the state, preventing a patchwork of different rules in various cities or counties.
Montana Preemption Law
Montana has a preemption law. Generally, only the state may make or change firearm regulations.
The law:
- Except as provided in subsection (2), a county, city, town, consolidated local government, or other local government unit may not prohibit, register, tax, license, or regulate the purchase, sale or other transfer (including delay in purchase, sale, or other transfer), ownership, possession, transportation, use, or unconcealed carrying of any weapon, including a rifle, shotgun, handgun, or concealed handgun.
- -
a. For public safety purposes, a city or town may regulate the discharge of rifles, shotguns, and handguns. A county, city, town, consolidated local government, or other local government unit has power to prevent and suppress the carrying of unpermitted concealed weapons or the carrying of unconcealed weapons to a publicly owned and occupied building under its jurisdiction.
b. Nothing contained in this section allows any government to prohibit the legitimate display of firearms at shows or other public occasions by collectors and others or to prohibit the legitimate transportation of firearms through any jurisdiction, whether in airports or otherwise.
Mont. Code § 45-8-351
Purchase/Transfer Laws
When buying or selling a firearm, both federal and state laws must be followed. Under 18 U.S.C. § 922(a)(5), a private party may sell a firearm to a resident of the same state if two conditions are met: (1) the seller and buyer must be residents of the same state, and (2) the seller must not know or have reasonable cause to believe that the buyer is prohibited from receiving or possessing firearms under federal law, as outlined in 18 U.S.C. § 922(g).
Additionally, a private seller may loan or rent a firearm to a resident of any state for temporary lawful sporting use, provided they meet the same condition of not knowing or having reason to believe the borrower is prohibited under federal law.
In addition to federal law, state laws governing firearm sales must also be followed, as states may impose additional restrictions such as background checks, waiting periods, or bans on specific types of firearms.
Montana Private-Party Transfers
Montana allows private-party firearm transfers. However, federal law still applies. Therefore, it is unlawful to sell or give a firearm to anyone who:
- You know is under the age of 18
- You know is prohibited from owning a firearm under state/federal law
- Resides in a state other than Montana
Firearm Classification and Accessory Restrictions
COMING SOON!
Magazine Capacity Restrictions
Magazine capacity laws are designed to limit the number of rounds a firearm's magazine can hold, typically restricting it to a certain number of cartridges (e.g., 10 rounds or fewer). Some state laws restrict the amount of rounds that may be placed in a magazine at any given time, while others prevent the mere possession of unloaded magazines capable of accepting more than a certain number of rounds.
Prohibited Areas - Where Firearms Are Prohibited Under State law
Carrying a firearm into a place where firearms are prohibited by state or federal law is a common way for gun owners to find themselves in legal trouble. These places are known as “prohibited areas,” and they can vary greatly from state to state.
Below you will find the list of the places where firearms are prohibited under this state’s laws. Keep in mind, in addition to these state prohibited areas, federal law adds additional places where firearms are prohibited. See the federal law section for a list of federal prohibited areas.
Places where firearms may be prohibited in Montana (for permit holders):
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- in a correctional, detention, or treatment facility operated by or contracted with the department of corrections or a secure treatment facility operated by the department of public health and human services;
- in a detention facility or secure area of a law enforcement facility owned and operated by a city or county;
- at or beyond a security screening checkpoint regulated by the transportation security administration in a publicly owned, commercial airport;
- in a building owned and occupied by the United States;
- on a military reservation owned and managed by the United States;
- on private property where the owner of the property or the person who possesses or is in control of the property, including a tenant or lessee of the property, expressly prohibits firearms;
- within a courtroom or an area of a courthouse in use by court personnel pursuant to an order of a justice of the peace or judge; or
- in a school building as determined by a school board pursuant to 45-8-361.
- Certain Montana University System campuses and locations. (Bd. of Regents of Higher Educ. v. State by & through Knudsen, 2022 MT 128, 409 Mont. 96, 512 P.3d 748)
Mont. Code § 45-8-356
Methods of Carry - Open Carry Laws
Open carry and concealed carry refer to two distinct methods of carrying firearms in public. Open carry involves visibly carrying a firearm, typically in a holster, where it is easily seen by others. Concealed carry, on the other hand, involves carrying a firearm in a hidden manner, such as under clothing, so that it is not visible to others.
Montana Open Carry Law
Montana has always been an open carry state. However, in 2009, the legislature took it a step further by enacting HB0228 which clarified that any person who is not otherwise prohibited from doing so by federal or state law may openly carry a weapon without a permit.
The law:
- Any person who is not otherwise prohibited from doing so by federal or state law may openly carry a weapon and may communicate to another person the fact that the person has a weapon.
- If a person reasonably believes that the person or another person is threatened with bodily harm, the person may warn or threaten the use of force, including deadly force, against the aggressor, including drawing or presenting a weapon.
Mont. Code § 45-3-111
No Weapons Signs
No weapons" signs are notices posted by businesses or private property owners indicating that firearms or other weapons are not allowed on the premises. The legal impact of these signs varies by state. In some states, these signs have the force of law, meaning that if a person carries a weapon onto the property in violation of the sign, they can face criminal penalties such as fines or arrest. In these states, ignoring a "no weapons" sign can result in legal consequences similar to trespassing.
In other states, however, these signs are merely a business's policy, and while a person carrying a weapon might be asked to leave, there are no legal penalties for entering with a weapon unless they refuse to leave when asked, at which point trespassing laws may apply.
Controlled Substance/Alcohol Laws
Most, but not all, states have laws in place that regulate possessing firearms while intoxicated, and individual states will define "intoxicated" differently. In addition to state law, federal law also prohibits the possession of a firearm by any person who is “an unlawful user of or addicted to any controlled substance” as defined by the Controlled Substances Act (“CSA”). There are five different schedules of controlled substances regulated by the CSA, scheduled as I–V. The types of drugs that are regulated range from heroin as a Schedule I substance, to Robitussin AC as a Schedule V substance. Even a gun owner that is prescribed a scheduled drug by a physician can be in legal jeopardy if it is proven that the drug was taken in a frequency or manner other than was prescribed.
Although legal for medicinal or recreational use in many states, marijuana remains classified as a scheduled controlled substance under the federal Controlled Substances Act (CSA), codified as 21 U.S.C. § 812. On May 16, 2024, the U.S. Department of Justice published a proposed rule change that would reclassify marijuana from schedule I to a schedule III drug. It is anticipated this rescheduling will formally occur in 2024 or 2025. Unlike schedule I drugs, schedule III drugs may be lawfully prescribed by a licensed physician, and thus the possession of these prescribed drugs does not make the possession of a firearm inherently unlawful the way possession of a schedule I substance would. This means that the rescheduling of marijuana to a schedule III drug would finally allow for the lawful use, possession and purchase of firearms by prescription marijuana users. However, if it is determined that the marijuana is possessed without a prescription, is used in a manner that is not prescribed, or that the individual with the prescription is addicted to marijuana, possession of a firearm would still be a federal offense. Federal law states that a person is addicted to a controlled substance when they have “lost the power of self-control with reference to the use of controlled substance; and any person who is a current user of a controlled substance in a manner other than as prescribed by a licensed physician.”
27 C.F.R. § 478.11, 18 U.S.C. §922(g)(3)
A person commits the offense of carrying a concealed weapon while under the influence if the person purposely or knowingly carries a concealed weapon while under the influence of an intoxicating substance. It is not a defense that the person had a valid permit to carry a concealed weapon. A person convicted of the offense shall be imprisoned in the county jail for a term not to exceed 6 months or be fined an amount not to exceed $500, or both.
Mont. Code § 45-8-327
Vehicle and Transport Laws
Permit reciprocity and other differences between state regulation of firearms can create a difficult landscape for firearm owners to navigate while transporting firearms interstate. In 1968, and again in 1986, Congress set out to help hunters, travelers, and other firearm owners who were getting arrested for merely transporting firearms through restrictive states. To help simplify the complex web of state firearm laws, Congress passed the 1986 Firearm Owners Protection Act (“FOPA”) as part of Senate Bill 2414. The specific “safe harbor” provision of the law, often referred to as the “McClure-Volkmer Rule,” provides some protection for gun owners transporting firearms through restrictive states, subject to strict requirements. This federal law is covered in more detail in the federal law section of this database.
Beyond federal law, the laws of each state will impose additional restrictions, or protections, related to transporting firearms in a vehicle.
Storage Requirements
Some states have laws that require gun owners to take specific measures to secure their firearms, especially in households with children. Many of these state laws mandate that guns be stored in locked containers or safes when not in use. These laws often impose penalties for failing to secure firearms, particularly if they are accessed by unauthorized individuals, such as minors.
Other Weapons Restrictions
COMING SOON!
Police Encounter Laws
Some states impose a legal duty upon permit holders that requires them to inform a police officer of the presence of a firearm whenever they have an official encounter, such as a traffic stop. These states are called “duty to inform” states. In these states you are required by law to immediately, and affirmatively, tell a police officer if you have a firearm in your possession.
In addition to “duty to inform states,” some states have “quasi duty to inform” laws. These laws generally require that a permit holder have his/her permit in their possession and surrender it upon the request of an officer. The specific requirements of these laws will vary from state to state.
The final category of states is classified as “no duty to inform” states. In these states there are no laws that require a gun owner to affirmatively inform an officer if they have a firearm. Additionally, there are also generally no laws that require you to respond or provide a permit if asked about the presence of a firearm.
Montana has no known duty-to-inform laws, which means you are under no legal obligation to affirmatively inform an officer of the presence of your firearm, and may not be under a legal obligation to respond if asked by the officer. As with any interaction with law enforcement, we encourage you to be respectful and courteous, while also preserving your constitutionally-protected privacy rights.
Non-Residents Must Carry Permit:
A concealed weapon permit from another state is valid in this state if:
- the person issued the permit has the permit in the person's immediate possession;
- the person bearing the permit is also in possession of an official photo identification of the person, whether on the permit or on other identification; and
- the state that issued the permit requires a criminal records background check of permit applicants prior to issuance of a permit.
(Mont. Code Ann. § 45-8-329)
Red Flag or Emergency Risk Orders
Emergency Risk Orders (or "Red Flag Laws") enable rapid legal action when someone is believed to be at significant risk of harming themselves or others with a firearm. Generally speaking, these controversial laws allow law enforcement to seek a court order to temporarily confiscate firearms from the individual and prevent them from purchasing new ones while the order is in effect. The most robust laws also permit family members and others to file petitions.
Use of Force in Defense of Person
The legal use of force, including deadly force, is regulated by state law. There are no federal laws that dictate when you can use force in self-defense in all states. As such, it is essential to become familiar with individual state laws.
Montana Force in Defense of Person
A person is justified in the use of force or threat to use force against another when and to the extent that the person reasonably believes that the conduct is necessary for self-defense or the defense of another against the other person's imminent use of unlawful force. However, the person is justified in the use of force likely to cause death or serious bodily harm only if the person reasonably believes that the force is necessary to prevent imminent death or serious bodily harm to the person or another or to prevent the commission of a forcible felony.
Mont. Code § 45-3-102
Use of Force in Defense of Others
Defense of third party laws allow an individual to use force, including deadly force, to protect another person from harm. These laws generally permit intervention if the third party would have had the right to use force in their own self-defense under the same circumstances. The exact application of these laws will vary by jurisdiction, so it is important to understand the framework of each individual state.
Use of Force in Defense of Habitation
The term "castle doctrine" comes from English common law providing that one's abode is a special area in which one enjoys certain protections and immunities, from which one is not obligated to retreat before defending oneself against attack, and in which one may do so without fear of prosecution.
Many states have instituted castle doctrine laws, with varying degrees of formality. Some states have statutorily enacted castle doctrine laws, some have judicially-created protections (called “common laws”), while others have no amplified protections in the home at all.
Montana “Castle Doctrine”
- A person is justified in the use of force or threat to use force against another when and to the extent that the person reasonably believes that the use of force is necessary to prevent or terminate the other person's unlawful entry into or attack upon an occupied structure.
- A person justified in the use of force pursuant to subsection (1) is justified in the use of force likely to cause death or serious bodily harm only if:
- the entry is made or attempted and the person reasonably believes that the force is necessary to prevent an assault upon the person or another then in the occupied structure; or
- the person reasonably believes that the force is necessary to prevent the commission of a forcible felony in the occupied structure.
Mont. Code § 45-3-103
Use of Force in Defense of Property
Generally speaking, the use of deadly force is limited to circumstances that reasonably present an imminent threat of serious bodily injury or death of a human being. As such, using deadly force in defense of mere personal property is almost categorically prohibited. Although most states will allow the use of some amount of force (i.e. physically restraining someone until the police arrive), the use or threatened use of deadly force in defense of mere property is generally not permitted.
Montana Defense of Property
A person is justified in the use of force or threat to use force against another when and to the extent that the person reasonably believes that the conduct is necessary to prevent or terminate the other person's trespass on or other tortious or criminal interference with either real property, other than an occupied structure, or personal property lawfully in the person's possession or in the possession of another who is a member of the person's immediate family or household or of a person whose property the person has a legal duty to protect. However, the person is justified in the use of force likely to cause death or serious bodily harm only if the person reasonably believes that the force is necessary to prevent the commission of a forcible felony.
Mont. Code § 45-3-104
Self-Defense Immunity
To address the risk that those acting in lawful self-defense might be sued by their attacker, some states have implemented protective measures in the form of civil immunity statutes. These statutes serve to shield victims from certain civil lawsuits. If a state has a civil immunity statute in place, you generally enjoy protection from being sued by your attacker or attacker’s family as long as your use of force is deemed to be criminally justified. This legal framework provides a layer of protection for individuals who, in the course of defending themselves, might otherwise be subjected to additional legal challenges in the form of civil lawsuits.
- A use of force allowable under the provisions of Title 45, chapter 3, part 1, provides immunity to the person using the force from civil damages for injury to any person or property arising from injury to the person, or damage to the property of the person, against whom the force was used.
- Conviction of a crime committed by the person who was injured or whose property was damaged by the use of force is not a prerequisite to a defense under subsection (1), but it is evidence that the act or omission to which the use of force was a response occurred.
- The reasonableness of the use of force must be determined in light of the circumstances at the time that the force was used.
- The prevailing party in an action in which a defense is asserted under this section is entitled to costs and reasonable attorney fees.
Mont. Code § 27-1-722
Duty to Retreat
A duty to retreat is an obligation to flee that is imposed upon a civilian who is under attack. If applicable, it applies to the victim of unlawful force prior to their ability to use deadly force to defend him or herself. The duty to retreat makes self-defense unavailable to those who use deadly force when they could have retreated from the confrontation safely. The alternative to duty-to-retreat laws is no-duty-to-retreat laws or stand-your-ground laws as they’re commonly called. Stand-your-ground states impose no duty to flee upon victims and instead state that one can stand their ground and meet force with force, under certain situations.
Montana Stand-Your-Ground Law
Except as provided in 45-3-105, a person who is lawfully in a place or location and who is threatened with bodily injury or loss of life has no duty to retreat from a threat or summon law enforcement assistance prior to using force. The provisions of this section apply to a person offering evidence of justifiable use of force.
Mont. Code § 45-3-110
Self-Defense Limitations
- is attempting to commit, committing, or escaping after the commission of a forcible felony;
- or purposely or knowingly provokes the use of force against the person, unless:
- the force is so great that the person reasonably believes that the person is in imminent danger of death or serious bodily harm and that the person has exhausted every reasonable means to escape the danger other than the use of force that is likely to cause death or serious bodily harm to the assailant; or
- in good faith, the person withdraws from physical contact with the assailant and indicates clearly to the assailant that the person desires to withdraw and terminate the use of force, but the assailant continues or resumes the use of force.
Mont. Code § 45-3-105
Use of Force Considerations
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Use of Force Against Animals
Lawful taking to protect livestock or person
(1) A person may kill or attempt to kill a wolf or mountain lion that is in the act of attacking or killing a domestic dog.
(2) A person who, under this section, takes wildlife protected by this title shall notify the department within 72 hours and shall surrender or arrange to surrender the wildlife to the department.
(3) In accordance with the rights conferred on Montana citizens pursuant to Article II, sections 3 and 12, of the Montana constitution, the legislature finds the act of a grizzly bear attacking or killing a person is an absolute defense against a person who takes a grizzly bear in accordance with this section being charged with a crime under Montana law. Grizzly bears threatening, attacking, or killing livestock may only be taken as provided in 87-5-301
(4) When a grizzly bear poses a threat to a person through consistent presence or proximity to people or inhabited dwellings, the person may contact the department. If, on investigation, the department finds the grizzly bear is a threat, the department may control, trap, or remove the grizzly bear or issue a permit to the person to kill the grizzly bear to mitigate the threat to human safety.
(5) As used in this section, "livestock" means cattle, swine, horses, mules, sheep, goats, llamas, donkeys, and livestock guard dogs.
Mont. Code § 87-6-106
Cases to Watch
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